Design a radiotracer experiment that would allow you to determine whichproportion of glucose catabolism in a given tissue preparation occursthrough the pentose phosphate pathway and which proportion occursthrough glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. Assume that you can synthesizeglucose labeled with 14C in any desired position or combination of positions.Assume also that you can trap CO, after administration of labeled glucoseand determine its radioactivity.

The ratio will provide the flux rate of carbon through the two pathways.

Answered: Design a radiotracer experiment that…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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There is a proposal that pyrazole could protect against the damaging effects of alcohol on the liver that resultfrom prolonged decrease in the ratio of [NAD+]/[NADH] caused by the oxidation of alcohol. ( NAD+ isrequired for several key dehydrogenation steps in the pathway of glucose synthase. NADH promotes theaccumulation of fat in the liver cells) Assuming that pyrazole is not toxic and that it is transported to the liver,evaluate its potential as an antidote to liver damage in treating chronic alcoholism. Would it be a reasonabletherapeutical candidate? Explain. Please explain and please don't copy bartleyby answer.
Patients with a form of early-onset diabetes were found to carry a variety of mutations reducing the function of the glucokinase (GK) enzyme. These patients are heterozygous for one of the mutations, and thus show only partial rather than complete loss of GK activity. Answer the following questions about these patients. How would blood sugar lovolc likoly bo affoctod in CK nautatie
The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconcogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP] and [Pi] =1 mM. Consider the following glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose = AG' = -16.7 kJ/mol ADP + glucose-6-phosphate (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298 K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/[glucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermody- namically favorable. (b) The reverse of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H,0 = glucose + P, AGr = -13.8 kJ/mol K= 262 for this reaction. Calculate the maximum ratio of [glucose]/ [glucose-6-phosphate] that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (c) Under what cellular conditions would both directions in the…
During periods of intense physical exercise, the demand for ATP in muscle tissue increases dramatically. L-lactic acid fermentation accounts for almost all of the ATP production in rabbit leg muscle and turkey flight muscle, respectively. A pair of processes, phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase, are involved in the formation of ATP during the payout phase of glycolysis. Assume that the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase is absent from skeletal muscle. Could it withstand rigorous physical activity, that is, could it create large amounts of ATP at a rapid pace via the process of glycolysis? Explain.
What is the effect of a defective a(1→ 4) phosphatase in Pompe's disease (GSD II)? O Accumulation of abnormal, unbranched glycogen, leading to heart or liver failure and short fife expectancy O Glycogen accumulation in heart, leading to heart failure, muscle weakness, short life expectancy O Absence of UDP-glucose conversion to glycogen, leading to lack of muscle glycogen, exercise intolerance Glycogen accumulation due to lack of glucose-6-phosphate conversion to glucose, leading to liver enlargement, hypoglycemia, short life expectancy O Lack of complete degradation of glycogen to glucose. leading to mild hypoglycemia, enlarged liver and muscle weakness Submit Request Answer
Consider an alternative glycolysis pathway that starts with the phosphorylation of glucose to give glucose-6-phosphate. This (hypothetical) pathway exists in a (hypothetical) organism that does not express glucose-6-phosphate isomerase. Instead, the next step of this hypothetical pathway is a Glucose-6-Phosphate Aldolase. Draw the product or products that would be obtain by the reaction of Glucose – 6 – Phosphate with Glucose – 6 Phosphate Aldolase. Assume the reaction is completely irreversible. Explain in 1-3 sentences how you obtained your answer
Imagine a triglyceride comprised of (3) saturated C12 fatty acids. Calculate the number of ATP generated from the complete oxidation of one of these 12-carbon fatty acids to CO2 and water in the liver. Assume that each NADH = 2.5 ATP and each FADH2 = ETC generates 1.5 ATP. Any step that yields pyrophosphate as a product should be treated as an input (i.e. net loss) of (2) ATP.
The glucose/glucose-6-phosphate substrate cycle involves distinct reactions of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis that interconvert these two metabolites. Assume that under physiological conditions, [ATP] = [ADP]; [P;] = 1 mM. Consider the glycolytic reaction catalyzed by hexokinase: ATP + glucose ADP + glucose-6-phosphate AG = - 16.7 kJ/mol (a) Calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for this reaction at 298°K, and from that, calculate the maximum [glucose-6-phosphate]/ Iglucose] ratio that would exist under conditions where the reaction is still thermodynamically favorable. (b) Reversal of this interconversion in gluconeogenesis is catalyzed by glucose-6-phosphatase: glucose-6-phosphate + H20 = glucose + P AG" = -13.8 kJ/mol
phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and represents the key control point in mammalian glycolysis. The enzyme is a homotetramer that is inhibited by ATP binding, activated by AMP binding, negatively regulated by phosphorylation, and competitively inhibited by 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate. (a) Would you expect a plot of the initial rate of fructose 1,6-bisphosphate formation as a function of substrate concentration to show a sigmoidal or hyperbolic curve? (b) How would each of the regulators above affect the dynamics of the T state to R state equilibrium of phosphofructokinase? Briefly explain your reasoning. (c) If it were possible to isolate phosphofructokinase monomers in an active form, how would you expect the kinetics in (a) to be affected? How would the rate of the reaction be affected by ATP, AMP, and 2,5-anhydro-D-glucitol-1,6-diphosphate? Briefly explain your answers.
The glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) catalyses the following reaction: +H₂N- H - - CH₂ - CH₂ COO acide glutamique COO™® + NAD+ + H₂O GDH COO C: CH₂ CH₂ COO™ O + NH4+ NADH + H* The activity of GDH is monitored in the sense of the formation of glutamate using the following conditions: -0.2 mL of 5 M ammonium sulphate 2.4 mL of buffer at pH 8 0.1 mL of NADH at 6.15 mg.mL-¹ (M = 709 g.mol-¹) 0.2 mL of 1 M a-ketoglutarate solution Warm mixture at 25 °C for 5 min - Add 0.1 mL of GDH solution containing 1.6 mg.mL-¹protein to start the reaction. acide a-cétoglutarique The change in absorbance at 340 nm is monitored, in a 1-cm cuvette, every minute for 10 min. Results are given in the table below: Data: ENADH at 340 nm = 6220 M¹.cm¹ Time (min) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1.760 1.718 1.675 1.635 1.595 1.550 1.510 1.489 1.476 A340 10 1.451 - Draw the graph A = f(t). Calculate A340 at t = 0 and place this point on the curve. - Comment the shape of the curve, particularly the portion that corresponds to a…
If glucokinase has a higher Km for glucose than does hexokinase, but can only bind to D-glucose, while hexokinase can bind to several hexose sugars (like D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-fructose), then: glucokinase has both a higher affinity and a higher specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has both a lower affinity and a lower specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has a higher affinity but a lower specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase glucokinase has a lower affinity but a higher specificity for D-glucose than does hexokinase all of the above
upon digestion of starch maltose, one of its degradation products is further hydrolyzed into its monosaccharide components prior to intestinal absorption and entry into the glycolysis. calculate the number of ATP molecules produced from the digestion and complete oxidation of 1 molecule of maltose considering the glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle. question: 6. what is the total number of net cytosolic ATP molecules produced right after glycolysis

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