Describe the role of pH in the lysosomal pathway, starting in the ER and ending with a functioning lysosome. What would occur if proton pumps were blocked/inhibited during the early endosome?
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- Acidification is achieved by an H+ pump in the endosomal membrane, which also contains Cl– channels. if the channels do not function properly (e.g., because of a mutation in the genes encoding the channel proteins), acidification is also impaired. Can you explain how Cl– channels might help acidification? According to your explanation, would the Cl– channels be absolutely required to lower the pH inside the endosome?Name three possible routes for a substance to be degraded by the lysosomeRibosomes in the cytoplasm (cytosol) capture mRNA that can be translated into an enzyme (in this case a protease) to the lysosome. a) Describe what happens from the time the enzyme (protease) begins to form in the cytoplasm until it end up in the lysosome and explain how the enzyme is transported to the lysosome, Explain in terms of the clathrin and thethering proteins
- Ribosomes in the cytoplasm capture mRNA that can be translated into an enzyme for the lysosome. a) Explain what happens from the time the enzyme begins to form in the cytoplasm until it ends up in the lysosome and also explains how the enzyme is transported to the lysosome?describe the process of lysosomal hydrolase arriving to the lysosome. without including translationUsing the the enzyme acid hydrolase in the lysosome: What is the final destination in which the protein will function? Which features will the protein receive during its manufacture? What is the primary structure (general)? Where is the primary structure made? Where are the secondary and tertiary structures made? Will the protein travel through any organelles during its manufacture? Which ones? What would be the overall result if some part of the manufacture process went wrong, such that the protein ended up as nonfunctional?
- Ribosomes in the cytoplasm (cytosol) capture mRNA that can be translated into an enzyme (in this case a protease) to the lysosome. a) Describe what happens from the time the enzyme (protease) begins to form in the cytoplasm until it end up in the lysosome and explain how the enzyme is transported to the lysosome.Explain how phosphorylation affects the function of the CREB protein.The figure above shows the organization of a protein that will eventually reside in the plasma membrane. The boxes labeled 1 and 2 represent membrane-spanning sequences and the arrow represents a site of action of signal peptidase. Which of the following statements must be TRUE about this protein? O a) Most of this protein will project from the cytosolic side of the membrane. O b) The mature version of this protein will span the membrane twice. c) This is a multi-pass membrane protein. O d) The mature version of this protein will span the membrane once.
- Describe the pathway, and any key events, a nascent soluble polypeptide would follow from the point it enters the ER through the secretion of the same soluble protein to the extra-cellular spaceMany of the cell’s hydrolytic enzymes are located in the lysosome, where the pH is ∼5. What would you expect to be the optimum pH for these enzymes, and why would this protect the rest of the cell from the destructive power of these enzymes upon the accidental rupture of a lysosome?The LDL receptor is internalized via endocytosis every ten minutes and recycled to the membrane. How does the cell recycle the receptor and not the ligand (in this case LDL)? A. The high pH (~10) of the early endosome causes dissociation of LDL from the receptor and the receptor is segregated into recycling endosomes. B. The low pH (~5) of the early endosome causes dissociation of LDL from the receptor and the receptor is segregated into recycling endosomes. O C. A targeting sequence on the ligand sorts it to the late endosome/lysosome. D. This is an error-prone process, the ligand often gets recycled accidentally.