Consider two cigarette companies, PM Inc. and Brown Inc. If neither company advertises, the two companies split the market and earn $60 million each. If they both advertise, they again split the market, but profits are lower by $20 million since each company must bear the cost of advertising. Yet, if one company advertises while the other does not, the one that advertises attracts customers from the other. In this case, the company that advertises earns $70 million while the company that does not advertise earns only $30 million. What will these two companies do if they behave as individual profit maximizers? One company will advertise, and the other will not. Brown Inc. earns $70. Both companies will advertise. PM Inc. earns $60. Neither company will advertise. Brown Inc. earns $60. Both companies will advertise. Brown Inc. earns $40.

Consider two cigarette companies, PM Inc. and Brown Inc. If neither company advertises, the two companies split the market and earn $60 million each. If they both advertise, they again split the market, but profits are lower by $20 million since each company must bear the cost of advertising. Yet, if one company advertises while the other does not, the one that advertises attracts customers from the other. In this case, the company that advertises earns $70 million while the company that does not advertise earns only $30 million. What will these two companies do if they behave as individual profit maximizers? One company will advertise, and the other will not. Brown Inc. earns $70. Both companies will advertise. PM Inc. earns $60. Neither company will advertise. Brown Inc. earns $60. Both companies will advertise. Brown Inc. earns $40.

ENGR.ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

14th Edition

ISBN:9780190931919

Author:NEWNAN

Publisher:NEWNAN

Chapter1: Making Economics Decisions

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1QTC

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Consider a market with two firms, Coke and Pepsi, that produce soft drinks. Both firms must choose whether to charge a high price ($1.25) or a low price ($0.65) for their soft drinks. These price strategies with corresponding profits are depicted in the payoff matrix to the right. Coke's profits are in red and Pepsi's are in blue. Coke's dominant strategy is to pick a price of dominant strategy is to pick a price of $ What is the Nash equilibrium for this game? A. Coke and Pepsi will both choose a price of $1.25. B. Coke will choose a price of $1.25 and Pepsi will choose a price of $0.65. and Pepsi's O C. Coke will choose a price of $0.65 and Pepsi will choose a price of $1.25. D. Coke and Pepsi will both choose a price of $0.65. Price = $1.25 Pepsi Price = $0.65 Price = $1.25 Price = $0.65 $800 Coke $900 $800 $175 $175 $700 $900 $700
. OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, was founded in 1969. Their original objective was to form a cartel to increase the price that they receive for their oil exports. Create a prisoner’s dilemma type game for two large members of OPEC (e.g. Saudi Arabia and Indonesia). Create numbers, where payoffs are total annual oil export revenues for each of these two countries. Verbally explain how you got your numbers. Find the Nash equilibrium. Based on this model, what strategy is in the oil exporters’ best interest (Nash or otherwise)? How do they make it happen? Create another prisoner’s dilemmamodel for all of OPEC on one side, and all non OPEC oil exporting nations on the other side. Create numbers, where payoffs are total annual oil export revenues for each of the two sides. Verbally explain how you created your numbers. Also create your numbers applying the fact that OPEC’s total production capacity is greater than total non OPEC exports…
Archer Daniels Midland (ADM) and Cargill are the biggest makers of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), used to sweeten Coke, Pepsi, and other non-diet soft drinks. Each firm is currently choosing between increasing or decreasing their price for HFCS. The table below gives each firm's profits in each possible situation. A is Archer Daniels Midland and C is Cargill. For purposes of this question, ignore the existence of other HFCS makers. Cargill P increase P decrease P increase A: $500 million A: $200 million C: $400 million C: $500 million ADM P decrease A: $600 million A: $350 million C: $200 million C: $300 million a. Assuming the two firms do not cooperate, does either have a dominant strategy? If so, what is it? b. If ADM and Cargill decide to cooperate, how, if at all, will the outcome differ from part a? Would this case be an evample of a repeated or a pon-reneated game?
Part 2: First Long Question There are two French bakeries in a small town: Le Meilleur Croissant (C), owned by Camille, and Le Meilleur Pain Au Chocolat (P), owned by Paul. In each period of an infinitely repeated game, they compete a la Bertrand, with market demand given by Q(pmin) = 10 - Pmin- Even though they sell identical goods, they have different marginal costs: cc = 2 and %3D Cp = 4 (Paul bakes just as well but is bad at business decisions). There are no fixed costs. Question 6 Turns out that Camille and Paul are married, and so they choose prices to maximize the joint profits of the two firms. Because both love baking and love each other, they also jointly decide that both firms should be selling positive amounts in their optimal plan. What prices do they choose? Pc = 6, pp = 11 Pc = 6.5, pp = 6.5 Pc = 6, pp = 6 Pc = 7, pp = 7 %3D O pc = 6, pp = 7
Q8
Consider a market in which there are two firms: A and B. Each firm produces a differentiated product and chooses its price Assume that each firm can set price equal to $60 or $70. The payoffs associated with each set of prices are shown If the firms choose price simultaneously, then the Nash equilibrium price for firm A If firm A chooses price first and can commit to that price, then firm A will Firm B's Price is set its price equal to $00 $70 OA. $60, $60 OB. $70, $70 $2700 $2475 $60 OC 570, $60 OD. $60, $70 $2700 $3375 Firm A's Price $3375 $3300 $70 $2475 $3300
I selected answer "B", which was surprisingly incorrect. What say you? What would you pick as the correct choice?
2. Four firms (A, B, C, and D) play a pricing game (i.e. Bertrand). Each firm (i) may choose any price Pi from 0 to ¥, with the goal of maximizing its own profit. Firms A and B have MC = 10, while firms C and D have MC = 20. The firms serve a market with the demand curve Q = 100 – P. All firms produce exactly the same product, so consumers purchase only from the firm with the lowest price. If multiple firms have the same low price, consumers divide their quantities evenly among the low-priced firms. Assume the firms choose price simultaneously. a. There are many equilibria in this simultaneous-move pricing game. Provide one equilibrium combination of prices, and argue that no firm has a unilateral incentive to deviate from these prices. Now assume firm A chooses price first. Firm B observes this choice and then chooses its own price second. Firm C chooses price third, and firm D chooses price last. b. Again, there are many equilibria in this sequential-move pricing game.…
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Suppose the airline industry consisted of only two firms: American and Texas Air Corp. Let the two firms have identical cost functions, C(q) - 40g Assume that the demand curve for the industry is given by P= 190 -Q and that each firm expects the other to behave as a Cournot compedtor. Calculate the Coumot-Nash equilibrium for each firm, assuming that each chooses the output level that maximizes as profes when taking its rival's output as given. What are the profits of each firm? (Round all quantities and dollar amounts to two decimal places) When competing, each firm will produce units of output. In tum, each firm will earn profit of $. What would be the equilibrium quantity if Texas Air had constant marginal and average costs of $10 and American had corntant marginal and average costs of S407 It Texas Air had constant marginal and average costs of $10 and American had constant marginal and average costs of S40, American would produceunits and Texas Air Corp. would produce units. In…