Cells often use the same enzyme reaction pattern for analogous metabolic conversions. For example, the steps in the oxidationof pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA, although catalyzed by different enzymes, are very similar.Complete the statements to describe how the first stage of fatty acid ẞ oxidation follows a reaction sequence closely resemblinga sequence in the citric acid cycle.The fatty acyl-CoA dehydrogenase reaction is analogous to theThe enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction is analogous to theThe B-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase reaction is analogous toreaction.succinate dehydrogenasesuccinyl-CoA synthetasereaction.malate dehydrogenaseisocitrate dehydrogenasefumarasecitrate synthaseaconitasea-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase The enoyl-CoA hydratase reaction is analogous to theThe B-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase reaction is anafumarasemalate dehydrogenasecitrate synthasea-ketoglutarate dehydrogenasesuccinyl-CoA synthetaseisocitrate dehydrogenaseaconitasesuccinate dehydrogenasereaction.re

To complete the statements about how the first stage of fatty acid β-oxidation follows a reaction…

Answered: Cells often use the same enzyme…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The citrate cycle is a metabolic engine generating [ Select: "carbon monoxide", "NAD, FAD and GDP", "carbon dioxide, NADH, FADH, and GTP"] from the fuel [ Select : "triglycerides", "acetyl-CoA"]. It is considered a cycle since all components must be maintained beginning with the addition of the two carbons from acetyl-CoA to form [ Select ] ["succinate", "citrate"] from [ Select ]["fumarate", "oxaloacetate"]. The citrate cycle depends on the presence of oxygen since [ Select ]["oxygen is directly required in the citrate cycle", "oxygen is required for NADH and FADH2 oxidation, and their accumulation in the absence of electron transport results in feedback inhibition of the citrate cycle"] .
What are the direct products of b oxidation of a fully saturated, straight-chain acyl-CoA of 13 carbons? How many ATP molecules can be obtained from complete oxidation of this compound?
The diagram on the right compares the O2 uptake activity of mitochondria isolated from cultures of (wt) STHdhQ7/Q7 and mutant STHDHQ111/Q111 striatal neuronal progenitor cells, as introduced in Question 1. Panels A and B be- long to wt mitochondria and Panels C and D be- long to HD mitochondria. The isotonic medium was buffered to pH 7.4 with inorganic phosphate. Respiration is supported initially by addition of py- ruvate (+ malate) at t = 0, followed by additions of ADP (sufficient to consume all of the O2 in the incubation medium), R (rotenone), S (succinate), and O (oligomycin). For Panels A and C, Ca2+ had been added to a concentration of 0.9 µM, Ca2+ 2. B A WT 400 ADP ADP 450 300 - 300 200 Ca2 10 uM 150 100 - C HD 400 ADP R ADP R SO 450 300 - V s Ca2 10 uM 300 200 - 150 100 - while for mitochondria in Panels B and D, had been added to the medium to a final concen- Time 20 min tration of 10 µM, sufficient to require translocation into the mitochondrial matrix by the Ca2+…
Fatty acid oxidation for energy yield occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and for palmitate as one example, generates [FADN2, NADH, and Acetyle-CoA or FADH, GTP, and NADPH] , all of which can be converted to ATP (108 of them to be exact) via oxidative phosphorylation. This is a [greater or smaller] yield of ATP per carbon atom compared to glucose. Ketogenesis is a process where acetyl-CoA (including that from breakdown of fatty acids) is converted to ketone bodies under conditions where carbohydrates are [in excess or liminting] . Acetoacetate and D-beta-hydroxybutyrate are delivered from liver to the blood stream where they provide energy for [cardiac and skeletal muscle as well as brain or synthesis of glycogen] . [Insulin or glucagon] promotes ketogenesis by stimulating fatty acid export from adipose tissue.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and α -ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex are huge enzymes consisting of three discrete enzymatic activities. Which amino acids require a related enzyme complex, and what is the name of the enzyme?
Name one reaction of glycolysis, one anaplerotic reaction, and one reaction of TCA cycle that acetyl-COA allostericqally regulates ( and declare whether it is an activator or inhibitor.)
Fill in the blanks below (input numbers only!) about the metabolism of hexanoic acid, a fatty acid that is one of the components of vanilla, and whose formula is CH3(CH2)4COOH: First, the fatty acid is activated by attaching CoA, which costs ATP molecules. The fatty acid is then broken down through a beta-oxidation spiral, to make acetyl CoA molecules. This will require "turns" of the beta-oxidation process. Since each turn of the cycle yields ATP molecules, and each acetyl COA will yield ATP molecules by going through the rest of its metabolism, the net ATP molecules produced from one molecule of this fatty acid will be
We have described an ATP synthase complex with an Fo complex of 9 c-subunits. Consider if the F0 complex had 12 c- subunits instead of only 9 (assume a eukaryote). What would be the P/O ratio (the ATP produced in the cytosol per atom of O reduced (or a pair of e- if you want to think of it that way) obtained from using B-hydroxy-fatty-acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase? (report to 1 decimal place) ATP
2-Bromopalmitoyl-CoA inhibits the oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA by isolatedmitochondria but has no effect on the oxidation of palmitoylcarnitine. What is the most likely site of inhibition by 2-bromopalmitoyl-CoA?
The mitochondrial Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDC) is a very large enzyme complex which catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Describe the enzyme components that make up the PDC, indicating the contribution each makes to the pyruvate to acetyl-CoA process, as well as how the PDC itself is regulated by intermediates?
If oxidation of acetyl-CoA yields 10 ATPs per mole through the citric acidcycle, how many ATPs will be derived from the complete metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of alanine in a mammal? Would the corresponding energyyield in a fish be higher or lower? Why? How much energy would bederived from the metabolic oxidation of 1 mole of isoleucine to CO2, H2O,and NH3? Of tyrosine?
(b) number of moles of ATP produced under aerobic glycolysis whereby pyruvate enters the mitochondrion for oxidative decarboxylation to generate acetyl-CoA that enters the citric acid cycle. Write the reac- tions for each step using words. They need not be balanced with respect to charge, protons released or consumed, and stoichiometry. Consider 2.5 ATP/NADH oxidized and 1.5 ATP/FADH2 oxidized. Enzymes need not be named. Compare the number of moles of ATP that are produced under anaerobic glycolysis to the Of the reactions producing ATP in the mitochondrion listed in part (b) above, which are not (c) influenced by the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

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