Briefly explain the structure and sequence of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain while including each Complex, journeys electrons take through the chain and how this produces gradients for ATP synthesis. Include in the short answer how uncoupling can be used to produce heat and give two real-world examples.
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Briefly explain the structure and sequence of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain while including each Complex, journeys electrons take through the chain and how this produces gradients for ATP synthesis. Include in the short answer how uncoupling can be used to produce heat and give two real-world examples.
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- Although the outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable to all small molecules, the inner mitochondrial membrane is essentially impermeable in the absence of specific transport proteins. Consider this information answer: Present two types of benefits derived from separating the reactions of glycolysis in the cytosol from those that occur during the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion.Pioglitazone, a drug used to treat diabetes, causes some membrane-embedded portions of mitochondrial Complex I to separate from the rest of the protein that includes the matrix “arm.” Predict the effect of pioglitazone on electron transport and ATP production. The protonmotive force is decreased, leading to less ATP produced by ATP synthase. The protonmotive force is increased, leading to more ATP produced by ATP synthase. The protonmotive force is increased, leading to less ATP produced by ATP synthase. The protonmotive force is decreased, leading to more ATP produced by ATP synthase.Describe the movement of protons that is caused by the action of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and explain why more ATP can be generated from the addition of NADH to the system as opposed to succinate.
- Explain how the transfer of electrons from one electron transport chain complex to the next, yielding energy, is coupled to the pumping of H+ across the membrane. Describe how ATP synthase uses proton motive force to make ATP Describe how NADH transfers electrons to electron transport proteins of the ETS and ultimately to the terminal electron acceptor, such as O₂. Explain how bacteria and archaea fix nitrogen gas into ammonium ion and incorporate nitrogen into biomolecules.The image shows the flow of electrons through electron carriers I, II, III, and IV within the mitochondrial inner membrane. The electronegativity of the protein carriers determines their capacity to attract electrons. Based on the image, which of the following best describes the electronegativity of the carriers and the synthesis and utilization of ATP during the electron-transfer process? Electron carrier I is the least electronegative, and electron carrier IV is the most electronegative. ATP is required for electron transfer between carriers. Electron carrier I is the most electronegative, and electron carrier IV is the least electronegative. ATP is not required for electron transfer between carriers. Electron carrier I is the most electronegative, and electron carrier IV is the least electronegative. ATP is utilized in a distinct reaction, not directly coupled with electron transfer. Electron carrier I is the least electronegative, and electron carrier IV is the most…Draw and label a lipid bilayer containing the large mitochondrial trans-membrane protein complexes representing complex I, II, III, and IV, and ATP Synthase. Make two more of these drawings. Label the first one mitochondrial electron source and using a different ink color, indicate the source(s) of electrons. Label the second mitochondrial energy source, and indicate the source of energy driving the electron transport chain. In the third, label the mitochondrial electron acceptor in its proper position. In this third drawing, also include ATP synthase (in its correct orientation-the spherical part is on the opposite side of the membrane as the H+ reservoir). Label your diagrams with the correct names for the membranes, ATP synthase, and to show where the protons (H+) are pumped to drive ATP synthesis.
- Draw and label a lipid bilayer containing the large mitochondrial trans-membrane protein complexes representing complex I, II, II, and IV, and ATP Synthase. Make two more of these drawings. Label the first one mitochondrial electron source and using a different ink color, indicate the source(s) of electrons. Label the second mitochondrial energy source, and indicate the source of energy driving the electron transport chain. In the third, label the mitochondrial electron acceptor in its proper position. In this third drawing, also include ATP synthase (in its correct orientation-the spherical part is on the opposite side of the membrane as the H+ reservoir). Label your diagrams with the correct names for the membranes, ATP synthase, and to show where the protons (H*) are pumped to drive ATP synthesis.NADH produced in the glycolytic pathway cannot enter the mitochondrial membrane, so the shuttle systems are utilized to deliver the electrons to the ETC. Using a flowchart, illustrate and differentiate the flow of the electrons in the ETC when electrons from cytosolic NADH are delivered to the ETC via the two shuttle systems.Draw and label a lipid bilayer containing the large mitochondrial trans-membrane protein complexes representing complex I, II, III, and IV, and ATP Synthase. Label your diagrams with the correct names for the membranes, Make two more of these drawings. Label the first one mitochondrial electron source and using a different ink color, indicate the source(s) of electrons. Label the second mitochondrial energy source, and indicate the source of energy driving the electron transport chain. In the third, label the mitochondrial electron acceptor in its proper position. Also include ATP synthase (in its correct orientation-the spherical part is on the opposite side of the membrane as the H+ reservoir). Use a different color of ink to show where the protons (H+) are pumped to drive ATP synthesis. also indicate where ATP is generated and were the power is stored to generate ATP. NOW, do the same thing with chloroplasts. Draw and label a lipid bilayer containing the large photosynthetic…
- Electron transfer translocates protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the external medium, establishing a pH gradient across the inner membrane (outside more acidic than inside). The tendency of protons to diffuse back into the matrix is the driving force for ATP synthesis by ATP synthase. During oxidative phosphorylation by a suspension of mitochondria in a medium of pH 7.4,pH 7.4, the measured pH of the matrix is 7.7. Calculate [H+] in the external medium and in the matrix under these conditions. a)[H+]in the matrix: b)What is the outside‑to‑inside ratio of [H+]? c)What is the free‑energy change inherent in this concentration difference across the membrane? (Assume a temperature of 25 °C.25 °C.)State whether the following statements are True or False, If False, explain why 5.1 Oxaloacetate is formed by the oxidation of L-malate 5.2 An overstimulation of the citric acid cycle will cause an overproduction of oxygen 5.3 The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix of prokaryotes and eukaryotic 5.4 NADH and ADP are high energy electron carriers which can be utilised in the electron transport chainDetermine whether each of the concentrations causes an increase or decrease in the activity of the electron transport chain. Increase in activity high NADH concentration low ADP concentration high oxygen concentration low phosphate concentration Answer Bank Decrease in activity large difference in H+ concentration across the inner mitochondrial membrane
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