Before population replicates After population replicates 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 I# cells O# cells 20 20- 10 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Bacterial Genomics
The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.
Transformation Experiment in Bacteria
In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.
Plasmids and Vectors
The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.
The graphs show a spectrum of antibiotic-resistant organisms, from 1 to 11, where 1 is the least-resistant and 11 is the most resistant. Notice that before the population replicates (graph on the left), there are no bacteria with resistance 2 or 3, OR 11. But after the population replicates, there are some bacteria with these resistance levels, indicated by the yellow arrows. Which of the following explains the origin of the bacteria pointed at by the yellow arrows?
| A |
mutations that happen when the cells in the population replicate their DNA and divide in two |
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| B |
some bacteria just shift one way or the other. |
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| C |
bacteria learn how to become more resistant |
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