acetyl COA,H₂O, NAD+HSCOA, CO2,NADH/H+HCO₂CO₂a-ketoisovaleratea-ketoisocaproateLeucine is biosynthesized from a-ketoisocaproate, which is itself formed from a-ketoisovalerate by a multistep route.Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism.Arrow-pushing InstructionsA-HHO: CO₂HBHCO₂CO2CO₂HH₂O: A A BH+00

Step 1: Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:

Answered: acetyl COA, H₂O, NAD+ HSCOA, CO2,…

Organic Chemistry

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ISBN:9781305080485

Author:John E. McMurry

Publisher:John E. McMurry

Chapter29: The Organic Chemistry Of Metabolic Pathways

Section29.SE: Something Extra

Problem 55AP: In step 7 of fatty-acid biosynthesis (Figure 29-5), dehydration of a -hydroxy thioester occurs to...

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One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway for glucose catabolism is the reaction of xylulose 5-phosphate with ribose 5-phosphate in the presence of a transketolase to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. (a) The first part of the reaction is nucleophilic addition of thiamin diphosphate (TPP) ylide to xylulose 5-phosphate, followed by a retro-aldol cleavage to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a TPPcontaining enamine. Show the structure of the enamine and the mechanism by which it is formed. (b) The second part of the reaction is addition of the enamine to ribose 5-phosphate followed by loss of TPP ylide to give sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Show the mechanism.
Lysine catabolism begins with reductive amination of a-ketoglutarate to give saccharopine in a multistep process. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions 7 COO H NH3 COO OOC B: COO H NH3 COO BH+
Acetolactate synthase transfers the acyl group of pyruvate to alpha-ketobutyrate. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acid isoleucine. Propose a mechanism for this reaction.
Acetolactate synthase is another TPP-requiring enzyme. It transfers the acyl group of pyruvate to another molecule of pyruvate, forming acetolactate. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acids valine and leucine. Propose a mechanism for this reaction.
Imidazoleglycerol‑phosphate dehydratase is an enzyme in the histine biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the E1 dehydration of D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate to imidazole acetol‑phosphate. This is a rare example of a biological E1 reaction, as most biological elimination reactions occur through E1cB instead. In this reaction, D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate is first protonated to form a good leaving group. Then, the leaving group is ejected to form the resonance‑stabilized carbocation shown. Draw curved arrows forming the most stable resonance structure to explain why this reaction goes through an E1 mechanism. Draw curved arrows to form the most stable resonance structure.
Please consider the following reactions: O*-H H20 H3O* o*-H H20 H3c A Intermediates B and C are protonated forms of ester A but only one of them (either B or C) is formed. Please select the most likely intermediate and explain why it is formed.
Pyruvate carboxylase is thought to activate CO2 by ATP, through formation of carboxyphosphate as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the formation of this intermediate.
Pyridoxamine phosphate (PMP) and pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) are two cofactors that aid their enzyme in the biosynthesis and metabolism of amino acids. Beginning with PMP, draw the ketimine product that forms when PMP is reacted with an alpha-keto acid. HO NH₂ OPO₂² Loo Ketimine
write the mayor produob formed by the to llow ng veaction, Assume that you have enough of each reagont/ Reactant to drive bhe veactrion to Completiion. Assume bhet thore i's protic wk up alone as neee ssary mg By NaoH 아 Y>ト
show mechanisms in these
The vitamin Niacin is used to form nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide, which readily shuttles between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms. The latter serves as a cellular equivalent to NaBH4. The essential portions of the structures are shown below. Outline a mechanism for the cellular conversion of pyruvate to lactate. (Note: like NaBH4, NADH cannot reduce carboxylic acid carbonyls).
From which amino acid are serotonin and melatonin synthesized? What types of reac- tions are involved in their biosynthesis? HO, CH,CH,NH, CH,O, CH,CH,NHCCH, (a) (b) H Serotonin Melatonin

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