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- In a 2009 study, a team of researchers recruited 38 men and divided them randomly into two groups - treatment or control. The also recruited 38 women and they randomly placed half the participants into the treatment group and the other half into the control group. One group was given 25 grams of chia seeds twice a day, and the other was given a placebo. The subjects volunteered to be a part of the study. After 12 weeks, the scientists found no significant difference between the groups in appetite or weight loss. Which of the following is true. (i) This is an observational study (ii) Blinding is used in this study because subjects in the control group recieved a placebo, so that htey were blinded to the treatment they recieved. (iii) We can safely generalize the conclusion (that chia seeds have no significant effect on appetite or weight loss) from the participants to the population at large because randomization is used when assigning participatns to groups.The NIH is funding a trial for a new antidepressant drug. A sample of 1000 people with severe depression are recruited and, at baseline, are given a questionnaire asking about their demographic characteristicsand their mental health. They are then randomly assigned to one of two groups. The treatment group receives the new antidepressant, a pill that must be taken twice a day. The control group receives a placebo pill containing nothing medically active, which must also be taken twice a day. After 10 weeks, researchers locate the individuals and ask them to fill out a questionnaire again assessing their mental health. At the end of the study, researchers find no statistically significant difference in the mental health of the treatment and control groups. Q: Should we be concerned about unbalanced groups here? Is it possible to empirically explore whether this is a problem for this study?You are interested in testing if there is a difference in weight-loss between 3 popular diet types; low calorie, low fat and low carb. Participants are randomly assigned one of the three groups or a control group. The control group will be told that are participating in a weight-loss study, but will not be following any particular diet. This is to study the placebo effect, weight-loss from just participating in the study. At the start of the study, each participant's weight is recorded in pounds. After 8 weeks they are weighed again, and the weight difference is recorded. A positive value represents a weight loss while a negative value represents a weight gain. Test at 5% significance. Round answers to 3 decimal places. Diet Type Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Fat Low Fat Low Fat Low Fat Low Fat Low Carb Low Carb Low Carb Low Carb Low Carb Control Control Control Control Control Pounds Lost 6.9 4.7 3.5 7.7 5.9 3.8 1.4 3.8 5.2 2 4.9 2.6 2.7 5.6 3.4 1.3…
- A researcher is studying the effects of yoga on depression. Participants are randomly assigned to one of two groups: yoga and medication (experimental group); or support group and medication (control group). In this study, the researcher first administers a questionnaire measuring depression to all participants. Then they implement two programs simultaneously: a 6-week yoga program coupled with medication management and a 6-week support group program coupled with medication management. At the end of the 6 weeks, participants complete another questionnaire measuring depression. Finding the change scores from the beginning to end, the researcher then compares the mean change score of the experimental group with the mean change score of the control group. A) What are the independent and dependent variables in this scenario? B) What statistical test would be most appropriate to use in this study? Why? C) Once you have calculated the statistics, how do you know whether the results of the…A pharmaceutical company is testing the effectiveness of its vaccine across two different age brackets. They take a sample and split the participants up into two separate groups. Group A consists of 44 people who are between ages 13 and 18. Group B consists of 58 people between ages 19 and 26. After being administered the vaccine, it was found that 37 people from group A were immune to the virus and 42 people from group B were immune. (this is the same situation from the previous daily) Why do we use the 'pooled proportion' instead of the null hypothesis in the denominator of the test statistic? At a 10% significance level, is there reason to believe there is a difference in vaccine efficacy between Group A and Group B? explain each stepIn a study on the effect of an oral rinse on plaque buildup on teeth, sixteen people whose teeth were thoroughly cleaned and polished were randomly assigned to two groups of eight subjects each. Both groups were assigned to use oral rinses (no brushing) for a 2-week period. Group 1 used a rinse that contained an antiplaque agent. Group 2, the control group, received a similar rinse except that the rinse contained no antiplaque agent. A measure of plaque buildup was recorded at 14 days with means and standard deviations for the two groups shown in the table. Control Group Antiplaque Group Sample Size 8 8. Mean 1.22 0.77 Standard Deviation 0.33 0.33 n USE SALT (a) State the null and alternative hypotheses that should be used to test the effectiveness of the antiplaque oral rinse. O Ho: (H, - H2) = 0 versus H: (, - H2) 0 O Ho: (H1 - H2) = 0 versus H,: (H, - H2) > 0 O Ho: (H1 - H2) = 0 versus H.: (4, - H2) # 0 (b) Do the data provide sufficient evidence to indicate that the oral…
- You are concerned that nausea may be a side effect of Tamiflu, but you cannot just give Tamiflu to patients with the flu and say that nausea is a side effect if people become nauseous. This is because nausea is common for people who have the flu.Past studies state that about 33% of people who get the flu experience nausea. You collected data on 2248 patients who were taking Tamiflu to relieve symtoms of the flu, and found that 810 experienced nausea. You decide to carry out a simulation to test the claim that the percentage of people who take Tamiflu for the relief of flu symtoms and experience nausea is greater than 33%.a) Identify the null and alternative hypotheses.H0H0: ? p = p ≠ p < p > p ≤ p ≥ μ = μ ≠ μ < μ > μ ≤ μ ≥ H1H1: ? p = p ≠ p < p > p ≤ p ≥ μ = μ ≠ μ < μ > μ ≤ μ ≥You are interested in testing if there is a difference in weight-loss between 3 popular diet types; low calorie, low fat and low carb. Participants are randomly assigned one of the three groups or a control group. The control group will be told that are participating in a weight-loss study, but will not be following any particular diet. This is to study the placebo effect, weight-loss from just participating in the study. At the start of the study, each participant's weight is recorded in pounds. After 8 weeks they are weighed again, and the weight difference is recorded. A positive value represents a weight loss while a negative value represents a weight gain. Test at 10% significance. Round answers to 3 decimal places. Diet Type Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Calorie Low Fat Low Fat Low Fat Low Fat Low Fat Low Carb Low Carb Low Carb Low Carb Low Carb Control Control Control Control Control Pounds Lost 5.3 6.6 10.5 6.4 8.9 5 4 0.2 2.9 2.6 4.6 2.9 0.8 2.4 2.5 1.9…A pharmaceutical company is testing the effectiveness of its vaccine across two different age brackets. They take a sample and split the participants up into two separate groups. Group A consists of 44 people who are between ages 13 and 18. Group B consists of 58 people between ages 19 and 26. After being administered the vaccine, it was found that 37 people from group A were immune to the virus and 42 people from group B were immune. What proportion of people from Group A were immune? What proportion of people from Group B were immune? What proportion of people in this study were immune?
- Most cases of cervical cancer are linked to a few strains of the human papilloma virus (HPV). The pharmaceutical company Merck developed a vaccine (Gardisil) against these HPV strains. Worldwide clinical trials followed young women after vaccination or administration of placebo for two to four years for signs of HPV-caused cervical cancer. Based on a sample of 100 women in the Gardisil group, 24 % developed cervical cancer, and based on a sample of 100 women in the placebo group, 34 % developed cervical cancer. Test the claim that the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group is less than the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the placebo group at a = 0.10. Round your answers to three decimal places, and round any interim calculations to four decimal places. Fill in the hypotheses below where p₁ denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical cancer in the Gardisil group and P2 denotes the proportion of women who developed cervical…A researcher conducts a between-subjects study to determine whether low levels of the neurochemical serotonin leads to an increase in aggression. One sample of rats serves as a control group and receives a placebo that does not affect normal levels of serotonin. A second sample of rats receives a drug that lowers brain levels of serotonin. Using an alpha level of a = .05, the researcher then tests the animals by recording the number of aggressive responses each of the rats display. The data are as follows: a.) Step 1: State the Hypotheses Ho: H₁: Control n = 10 M = 14 SS=180.5 b.) Step 2: Determine the critical region and draw it on the distribution above: df = > *critical SM₁-M₂ Low Serotonin n = 15 M = 19 SS = 130.0 c.) Step 3: Calculate the test statistic using the provided sample data: tobs d.) Step 4: Make a decision. Circle one: Reject Null (Ho) or Fail to Reject Null (Ho) e.) State your conclusions about the research scenario in sentence form: d= f.) What is the estimated effect…You are conducting a hypothetical retrospective study on use of plastics and prevalence of current medical problems in students. You hypothesize that participants who used more plastic cups in high school will exhibit more medical problems today. You ask all PH1 students to recall how many times they drank out of plastic cups in high school. Your participants struggle to recall this information and end up guessing how often they used plastic drinking containers in high school. Your study design will be negatively impacted by: (select one) A. Misrepresentation B. Recall error C. Negative associations D. Recall bias