A 12 kb linear DNA fragment is subject to single or double RE digest and agarose gel electrophoresis, to yield the gel profile shown below. The first lane contains the size marker (M). a) Explain how the name of the enzyme EcoRI is derived. b) How many sites are there for EcoRI and PvuII respectively on this DNA fragment? c) Use the sizes of the DNA bands on the gel to compile a restriction enzyme map of the DNA fragment. Indicate the positions of the restriction enzymes sites for EcoRI and PvuII on the map.

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Genetic Evolution

Sexual reproduction produces distinct population variations. Heredity determines the traits and qualities to be passed down to the progeny. Over time, this variation within-species is also affected by the process of human evolution. The study of how genetic variation leads to evolutionary changes is known as genetic evolution. If a trait helps an organism to survive and reproduce, it is more likely to be passed down the generations. It is rare that such traits result in a completely distinct set of traits in descendants than the ancestral population; this can result in the emergence of a new species.