400 R to 300 R. Cliou from and AS for the process. 4.57 The three laws of thermodynamics are sometimes stated colloquially as follows: First law: You cannot get something for nothing; Second law: The best you can do is break even; Third law: You cannot break even. Provide a scientific basis for each of these statements. Hint: One consequence of the third law is that it is im- possible to attain the absolute zero of temperature.) 4.58 boiling point, in kelvins, of mercury. What assumptions must you make to do the calculation? Use the following data to determine the normal Hg(l): Af H 0 (by definition) = 77.4 J K-1 mol-1 ArF-60.78 kJ mol -1 Hig(g): 'S。= 174.7 J K-1 mol-l 4.59 Trouton's rule states that the ratio of the molar enthalpy of vaporization of a liquid to its boiling point in kelvins is approximately 90 J K- mol-. (a) Use the following data to show that this is the case and explain why Trouton's rule holds true. Benzene Hexane 80.1 68.7 31.0 30.8
States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
4.58)
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