4.4 When silicon chips are fabricated, defects in materials (e.g., silicon) and manufacturing errors can result in defective circuits. A very common defect is for one signal wire to get “broken” and always register a logical 0. This is often called a “stuck-at-0” fault. 4.4.1 [5] <§4.4> Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the MemToReg wire is stuck at 0? 4.4.2 [5] <§4.4> Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the ALUSrc wire is stuck at 0? 4.4.3 [5] <§4.4> Which instructions fail to operate correctly if the Reg2Loc wire is stuck at 0?

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Fundamentals of memory

A collection of connected storage devices form the memory unit. It is a space to store data and instructions required for processing. Information is stored in a memory unit in the form of bits. There are two types of memory namely: