4. What is the redox number of the starting compound? How many redox reactions occur during pyruvate processing and the Krebs cycle? 5. How much ATP is produced directly by pyruvate processing and the Krebs cycle (express this per molecule of Glucose)

4. What is the redox number of the starting compound? How many redox reactions occur during pyruvate processing and the Krebs cycle? 5. How much ATP is produced directly by pyruvate processing and the Krebs cycle (express this per molecule of Glucose)

Anatomy & Physiology

1st Edition

ISBN:9781938168130

Author:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble

Publisher:Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Peter DeSaix, Dean H. Kruse, Brandon Poe, Eddie Johnson, Jody E. Johnson, Oksana Korol, J. Gordon Betts, Mark Womble

Chapter24: Metabolism And Nutrition

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 6RQ: The Krebs cycle converts ________ through a cycle of reactions. In the process, ATP, ________, and...

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1. Explain the Chemiosmotic theory with regard to ATP generation in oxidative phosphorylation. 2. Explain how Phosphorylase activation differs between the liver and the muscle. What is the role of Epinephrine in Glycogen metabolism. 3. List all the materials required for beta-oxidation of cholesterol from six-carbon intermediate Mevalonate.
2. Please, determine the answers of these multiple choices, they’re in a,b,c’s. A) The role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation (cellular breathing) is: -To be the last electron acceptor in the electron transfer chain -To hydrolyse carbohydrates - To add hydrogen ions to pyruvic acid at the end of glycolysis -To provide electrons for NADP reduction -To provide hydrogen ions B) Which molecule has the most potential energy? -glucose -phosphate -fructose 1-6 diphosphate -ethanol -I'ATP C) What is the product of fermentation in yeasts? -carbonic acid -oxygen -ATP -lactic acid -ethanol
6. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the following reversible reaction: COO- HO-C-H CH₂ COO™ L-Malate NAD+ y malate NADH + H+ dehydrogenase COO- 0=C CH₂ COO™ Oxaloacetate AG'° = 29.7 kJ/mol Malate + NAD+→NADH + H+ + oxaloacetate Calculate AG" and the ratio or products and reactants for the malate dehydrogenase reaction to proceed from left to right as shown. (The Faraday constant. 3, is 96.48 kJ/V-mol; RT(37°C)= 2.58kJ/mol) Steps: 1. Explain how you determined which molecule is an electron donor Malate and which is an acceptor NAD*. -2- 2. Calculate AED (write equation, then show calculations, for standard reduction potentials (E_values) see table in the posted lecture) 3. Calculate AG (write equation, then show calculations) 4. Calculate the ratio of products and reactants needed to for Malate + NAD+→→NADH + H+ + oxaloacetate reaction to proceed forward (write equation, then show calculations)
1.. The sugar that occupies a central position in the metabolism of plants, animals and many microorganisms. 2. This enzyme is inhibited in the glycolytic pathway whenever the cell has ample ATP and is well supplied by other fuels such as fatty acids. 3. The enzyme that is only present in the liver and kidney during glycogen utilization. 4. The glycolytic substrate responsible for the entry of Mannose in the preparatory stage of glycolysis. 5. What is the pathway involved during the lipid utilization into glucose in plants?
2. The overall result of CH,OH + 2 NAD+ + 2 NADH glycolysis can be summarized by the equation on the right in which HO the glucose origins of the carbon atoms in pyruvate are color coded. Show by writing the reactions catalyzed by aldolase and triose phosphate isomerase and num- bering the carbons why this is the fate of glucose carbon atoms in pyruvate. Indicate numbering of carbons in Glucose-6-Pi, Fructose-1,6-BisPi, enzyme products, and pyruvate. HO + 2 Pi 2 + 2 ATP > OH + 2 ADP (CH3 + 2 H20 Glucose Pyruvate
2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is produced by anabolism of pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of (i) cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
5. The isomerization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is necessary so that the two molecules generated from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate can proceed through the remainder of the glycolysis pathway. Draw a mechanism for this interconversion using generic acid/base catalysts. E-E CH,OH CHO НС—ОН CH2OPO,2- ČH2OPO,2-
2. Regarding the glycolysis metabolic pathways covered in class: A. In the EMP metabolic pathway, what chemical is catabolized to form pyruvate? (1 step away) B. There are two products of step 4 in the EMP pathway. If they were not phosphorylated, how would you describe these as monosaccharides (for example, an aldohexose and a ketopentose)? C. In the TCA Cycle, what chemical is produced by catabolism of isocitrate? (1 step away) D. Describe the major differences between primary, secondary and partial oxidation metabolism in terms of cell growth rate, (ii) oxygen consumption rate, and (iii) products formed.
1. (a) The reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase is the first step of the TCA cycle. In glycolysis, two key reactions to produce ATP occur because an unfavorable reaction is coupled to another reaction that is thermodynamically favorable. The reaction catalyzed by citrate synthase is similarly coupled to an unfavorable reaction in the TCA cycle. Write the unfavorable TCA reaction using structural formulas and write the key step that drives the two coupled reactions forward. What is the overall AG" of the coupled reactions? (b). K(yM) 25.7 Inhibitor Bromoacetyl-CoA ATP NADH 6800 8300 The inhibitor constants for three inhibitors of por- cine citrate synthase are summarized in the table on the right. The compounds were all determined to bind in the ac- tive site as competitive inhibitors of acetyl-CoA. Because they bind as competitive inhibitors, all three inhibitors must exhibit structural similarity to some part of acetyl-CoA. Look up in the textbook the structural formulas for…
3. Trace the course of the radioactive label in 2-[14C] glucose through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. At what points(s) in the cycle will the radioactivity be released as 14CO2? How many turns of the cycle will be required for complete conversion of the radioactivity to CO2? 4. Repeat problem 3 for pyruvate that is 14C-labeled at its methyl group.
10. General equation of anaerobic oxidation of glucose.
4. the first two reactions in glycolysis associated with unfavorable AG° values, i.e., AGº > 0, both produce a product with high phosphoryl group transfer potential. (ATP formation is not considered here.) Compare the two reactions and describe what the driving force is for both reactions that allows glycolysis to proceed to formation of pyruvate.