3. The nicotinamide coenzymes (see Fig. 13-24) can undergo reversible redox reactions with specific substrates in the presence of the appropriate redox enzyme. In these reactions NADH + H* serves as the hydrogen source as described in problem 1 above. In the reactions below, IF a redox change has occurred balance the reaction with the necessary amounts of NAD*, NADH, H* and H20. The objective is to recognize when a redox enzyme is necessary in a metabolic reaction. (adapted from Problem 5, chapter 16) (a) CH,CH,OH CH,- Ethanol Acetaldehyde (d) CH, + co, OPo; OH CH,-C-C `OPo}- OPo; OH CH,-C-C Pyruvate Acetate (b) + HPO он (e) оос— сн, —с— соо- -оос — сн, — с—соо- 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate H Oxaloacetate Malate CH,-C-C CH,- + co, (c) (f) сн, — с— сн, — с + H* сн, — с—сн, + со, Pyruvate Acetataldehyde Acetoacetate Acetone
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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