3. In the family pedigree shown in the following chart, an abnormal trait is inherited as a simple recessive. Unless there is evidence to the contrary, assume that the individuals who have married into this family do not carry the recessive gene for the trait. Colored squares and circles represent expressions of the trait (see figure). Calculate the probability of the trait appearing in a given offspring if the following cousins and second cousins in generations III and IV should marry: (a) III-1 x III-12; (b) III-4 x III-14; (c) III-6 x III-13; (d) IV-1 x IV-2 2 II 10 11 12 13 15 16 IV

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Inheritance and Mendelian Genetics

Inheritance means the passing of traits to offspring from parents. These traits could be passed either through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction. The offspring receives the genetic material from the parents. Mendelian inheritance is a certain biological inheritance that follows the rules and principles laid down by Gregor Mendel in 1865. The initial hypothesis was considered wrong, but other inheritance theories modified the concept of inheritance and thus genetics.