2. Enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.
Q: 6. Malate dehydrogenase catalyzes the following reversible reaction: NAD+ NADH + H* IZI malate…
A: Biological oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from…
Q: 7. An experimental animal was tested for fatty acids concentration difference on Ist and 30th minute…
A: Fatty acid metabolism: Because fat breakdown is a difficult process, this section is separated into…
Q: 10. Define beta oxidation. Give its significance.
A: Answer
Q: 2. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) catalyzes the reaction Ο ()) 0 NADH + H* NAD+ C=0 HO-C-H CH₁t…
A: Lactate dehydrogenase catalyzes the interconversion of pyruvate and lactate with concomitant…
Q: glucose has been broken down to CO2 with some net gain of ATP. Most of the energy from the original…
A: Cellular respiration comprises of four stages: Glycolysis: Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate.…
Q: 3. The enzyme responsible for initially donating electrons of NADH from glycolysis into the…
A: The removal of electrons or addition of electrons happens in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The…
Q: the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase is activated by dephosphorylation and inactivated by…
A: Pyruvate kinase It's an important glycolysis enzyme that helps converting PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate)…
Q: 1. You are investigating the kinetic properties of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).…
A: GAPDH is an important enzyme involved in the process of glycolysis, a metabolic pathway that…
Q: 2. Scheme of anaerobic oxidation of glucose and energy balance.
A: Organisms that live under anaerobic conditions rely only on glycolysis to generate ATP. Glycolysis…
Q: Compare the β-oxidation of fatty acid with that of the fatty acid synthesis.
A: Fatty acids are the long hydrocarbon chain attached to the carboxylic acid group making the molecule…
Q: 12. Describe glycogen metabolism along with its regulation.
A: The metabolism of glycogen is a vital mechanism that aids in the regulation of blood sugar levels.…
Q: In state-space representation, the state equation is typically written in which form? - a) Matrix…
A: In state-space representation, the state equation is written in matrix form because it allows for a…
Q: 1. Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is the disorder of which pathway? A. HMP shunt B.…
A: Hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) or pentose phosphate pathway is an alternative pathwy to glucose…
Q: OPyruvate kinase ONone OHexokinase OPhosphoglycerate kinase OPhosphofructokinase
A: Gluconeogenesis is a biosynthetic pathway in which glucose is synthesized from non carbohydrate…
Q: 3. The ATP source for the glucose synthesis from lactate can be the conversion of lactate to…
A: Gluconeogenesis is the process in which glucose is produced in the liver. This glucose is formed…
Q: An individual has a mutation that prevents the proper formation of lactate dehydrogenase. What is…
A: Lactate dehydrogenase is an enzyme that occurs in almost all living cells. This enzyme is expressed…
Q: Using your own diagram, illustrate the reactions that take place within the pyruvate dehydrogenase…
A: Hi! As you have posted multiple questions, I will be answering the first question for you. If you…
Q: phosphorylation
A:
Q: 1. Fatty acids are transported into the mitochondria as fatty acyl-carnitine rather than fatty…
A: The synthesis of fatty acid occurs in the cytosol of a cell. The process includes the repeated…
Q: 14. Which of the following is not produced by or an intermediate of the Citric Acid Cycle? 1. NADH…
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Q: 2. (a) List the number of NADH and FADH2 equivalents formed and the corresponding number of ATP…
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Q: 12. What is the final common catabolic pathway for metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and fat? (a)…
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Q: 25. Alternative routes . The most common metabolic sign of mitochondrial disorders is lactic…
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Q: 8. Features of anaerobic oxidation of glucose in erythrocytes. Pyruvate kinase, its biological…
A: Anaerobic oxidation (or Glycolysis): Anaerobic glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to lactate…
Q: 2. The amino acid glutamate is synthesized from a-ketoglutarate, a catalytic intermediate in the…
A: α-ketoglutarate plays a pivotal role in cellular metabolism, serving as an intermediate in the…
Q: Draw a Lineweaver-Burke plot with two lines, one representing an uninhibited enzyme and another…
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Q: 11. Which electron transport chain complex pumps 4 protons per NADH? A. One B. Two C. Three D. Four…
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Q: Most defects in pyruvate dehydrogenase complex are due to mutations in ______, so supplements with…
A: Introduction Pyruvate dehydrogenase is a complex of enzymes that plays a critical role in aerobic…
Q: What is the effect of arsenate poisoning on glycolysis. 2. Give an account of the total ATP yield…
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Q: 1. Answer the following questions: a. A substance produced from pyruvate that is a precursor in the…
A: Glucose is the simplest carbohydrate, which is utilized as the primary source of energy. The complex…
Q: Which stage of aerobic respiration is acetyl CoA produced?
A: All together for pyruvate, the result of glycolysis, to enter the following pathway, it should go…
Q: main features on citric acid cycle
A: Tricarboxylic acid cycle is named for Hans Adolf Krebs, a German scientist. The primary role of TCA…
Q: Acetyl-CoA is directly made from which organic molecule?
A: Acetyl-CoA (Coenzyme A) is a 2-carbon organic compound that enters unto citric acid cycle in the…
Q: 2. Identify three metabolic pathways that pyruvate could directly take following glycolysis and be…
A: Glycolysis is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the cytoplasm of cells and is the first step in…
Q: A patient exhibiting all of the symptoms of beriberi is placed on a thiamine- rich diet, but it does…
A: Carbohydrates consumed in diet enter the glycolytic pathway as glucose. Pyruvate is the end product…
Q: Considering the products of the pre-requisite step in the citric acid cycle which is the oxidation…
A: Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle is a series of enzyme catalysed reactions…
Q: 6. Succinate dehydrogenase couples the activity of the citric acid cycle with that of the electron…
A: Succinate dehydrogenase is an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has FAD as its…
Q: People with beriberi, a disease caused by thiamine deficiency, have elevated levels of blood…
A: Pyruvate dehydrogenase is the enzyme responsible for converting pyruvate into acetyl CoA during the…
Q: Which of the following enzymes is NOT used when fructose is metabolized to pyruvate in the liver? a.…
A: Glycolysis is the collection of 10 enzymatically catalysed reactions that sequentially oxidises a 1…
Q: 4. How does compromised pyruvate kinase activity lead to anemia ?
A: Anemia is a disorder in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells to transport…
Q: Identify the Krebs cycle enzyme which acts on a five-carbon substrate, produces a four-carbon…
A: Hello! Since you have posted multiple questions, we are answering the first question only. Kindly…
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- 31. malate dehydrogenase is interconverted into isozymic forms by oxidizing and reducing agents2. The mechanism of HMG-CoA reducatse enzyme activity involves several stages. For the catalytic reaction to proceed, another substrate known as NADPH, which acts as a reducing agent is required. The kinetics of enzyme activity with NADPH at non-limiting amounts of HMG-CoA in the absence or presence of compactin is shown below. a) Based on the description above, which of the six types of enzymes does HMG-CoA reductase belong to? b) What is the Km for the reaction with no inhibitor present? Do NOT forget the units. Answers can be expressed either as a fraction or in decimals. c) What happens the measured Km with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change d) What happens to the measured Vmax with increasing amounts of compactin? (select one) increases decreases does not change e) Based on your answers above, what type of inhibitor is compactin relative to its effects on enzyme activity NADPH? with -60 -40 1/V, (nanomoles/min)-1 -20 0.2 0.18 0.16…Betaxolol is an effective ocular antihypertensive agent, pharmacologically classified as a cardioselective beta-blocker. Its mode of action in reducing intraocular pressure is similar to that of non-selective blockers, suppressing the flow of aqueous humor. The extent of occupation, in the systemic circulation, of the beta 1-adrenoceptor of betaxolol when applied topically is smaller than that of non-selective blockers and the occupation of the beta 2 receptor is insignificant, providing a better safety profile in patients with cardiopulmonary disease . Experimental studies have revealed that this drug targets the retina after topical administration and exhibits L-type dependent calcium channel blocking activity, which likely allows betaxolol to improve retinal perfusion and serve as a recommended neuroprotective agent in various forms of glaucoma . The most frequent adverse reaction to betaxolol is burning after administration, which is minimized by an ocular suspension with a reduced…
- 6. Fill in the following blanks for how many of the following products would be generated under aerobic conditions from 1 molecule of pyruvate if a competitive inhibitor of succinyl- CoA synthetase was present in the citric acid cycle? (consider only the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA and the TCA cycle, do not consider oxidative phosphorylation reactions or reactions beyond the TCA cycle). i. CO, ii. GTP iii. NADH iv. FADH, V. Oxaloacetate7. Energy balance of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.2. Draw the reactions catabolizing the amino acid valine into isobutryl-CoA, specifically one transamination reaction (for which you do not need to show the mechanism) and one dehydrogenation reaction (which is analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction mechanism, and for which you need to show the mechanism using arrow pushing and including the relevant cofactors). Note: Beyond the importance of these reactions for human health, this pathway is used industrially in the production of isobutanol, an important biofuel. NH3 SCOA valine isobutyryl-CoA
- 2. In contrast to the toxicity of 2-fluoro-citrate, L-(2-fluoro-)succinate is not an inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase and the product 2-fluoro-fumarate is converted by fumarate hydratase to L-(2-fluoro-2- hydroxy)malate that breaks down to oxaloacetate. (a) the FAD coenzyme of succinate dehydrogenase as the normal substrate? Write the reaction with structural formulas to illustrate your answer. Does the oxidation of 2-fluoro-succinate yield the same number of reducing equivalents to (b) droxy)malate, which breaks down spontaneously to oxaloacetate. Write the equation with structural formulas. 2-fluoro-fumarate is a substrate of fumarate hydratase forming only L-(2-fluoro-2-hy- Oxaloacetate has been shown to be a very po- (c) tent inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase. For the enzyme 3 isolated from cardiac muscle the Kj value is ~4 x 10-6M, as shown in the L-B plot on the right. Yet, this inhibition is never discussed in biochemistry textbooks. From your reading in the textbook,…5. Explain the metabolic fate of pyruvate.5. Which of the following enzymes does not take part in the TCA cycle? Fumarase. Succinyl-CoA synthetase. Aconitase. Malate dehydrogenase. Phosphoglycerate mutase.
- 2a. How many NADH are made during glycolysis from one glucose? 2b. How many NADH are made during the citric acid cycle from one glucose? 2c. How many FADH2 are made during the citric acid cycle from one glucose?2. There are multiple fates of pyruvate. If you were studying pyruvate entering the citric acid cycle, what considerations would you need to take into account to ensure that pyruvate was not lost to other pathways?1.Enumerate the enzymes of the alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex and write its mechanism of action
