10. ATP synthase is a key enzyme of mitochondrial energy conversion. Mitochondrial ATP synthase deficiency is due to a mutation in a gene important for the formation of a subunit in the ATP synthase complex, seen in the illustration below. Scientists could use cells with this gene mutation to investigate which of the following questions? (LS1-7) * Inner mitochondrial membrane PYRUVATE CITRIC ACO OKDATIVE PHOSPHORYL ATION GLYCOLYSIS ONDATION CYCLE ATP synthase Protein complex of electron carriers Intermembrane space Inner mitochondrial membrane FADH, FAD 2 H* + ½02 H,0 NADH NAD ADP + O ATP (carrying electrons from food) Mitochondrial matrix Oxidative phosphorylation What effect does the mutation have on the movement of electrons between the electron carriers of the electron transport chain? What effect does the mutation have on the amount of ATP synthesized during cellular respiration? What effect does the mutation have on the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria? What effect does the mutation have on the number of water molecules formed at the end of the electron transport chain?
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
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