1) From a cellular standpoint, what is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? What is the major molecule that cells use for energy? What are high energy molecules found in the cell and how are they used to make ATP? 2)What are NAD+, NADH, FAD+, FADH2. How’s it regulated?
Electron Transport Chain
The electron transport chain, also known as the electron transport system, is a group of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to create a gradient of protons that drives adenosine triphosphate (ATP)synthesis. The cell uses ATP as an energy source for metabolic processes and cellular functions. ETC involves series of reactions that convert redox energy from NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) + hydrogen (H)) and FADH2(flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)) oxidation into proton-motive force(PMF), which is then used to synthesize ATP through conformational changes in the ATP synthase complex, a process known as oxidative phosphorylation.
Metabolism
Picture a campfire. It keeps the body warm on a cold night and provides light. To ensure that the fire keeps burning, fuel needs to be added(pieces of wood in this case). When a small piece is added, the fire burns bright for a bit and then dies down unless more wood is added. But, if too many pieces are placed at a time, the fire escalates and burns for a longer time, without actually burning away all the pieces that have been added. Many of them, especially the larger chunks or damp pieces, remain unburnt.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the cellular process involved in the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules from the organic nutritional source obtained from the diet. It is a universal process observed in all types of life forms. The glucose (chemical formula C6H12O6) molecules are the preferred raw material for cell respiration as it possesses a simple structure and is highly efficient in nature.
1) From a cellular standpoint, what is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? What is the major molecule that cells use for energy? What are high energy molecules found in the cell and how are they used to make ATP?
2)What are NAD+, NADH, FAD+, FADH2. How’s it regulated?
All living organisms require energy that helps to grow, reproduce and allows to perform all the biological functions of the body. The energy can be obtained from the external sources like plants and animals. Plants are autotrophs and obtain energy from the inorganic sources like light, carbon and water. Animals obtain their energy by directly or indirectly eating plants and other organisms.
The biological processes like glycolysis, Kreb cycle and breakdown of biomolecules results in the formation of energy in the body that are used by the cells. Energy is also transported into the ecosystem from one tropic level to the other trophic level.
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