The number of calories used during physical exercise is greater than the number of calories used for the movements themselves. This may be caused in part by exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat is mostly white fat cells but can also contain brown fat cells in mice and humans. As part of a thermogenesis program, UCP1 directly reduces the proton gradient driving oxidative phosphorylation. UCP1 expression is a characteristic of brown fat cells only and is induced by the protein irisin. The data in Table 1 address the relationship between exercise and: • expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous fat cells, • expression of FNDC5 (a transmembrane protein in skeletal muscle plasma membranes), • blood levels of irisin (a soluble protein formed by cleaving the extracellular domain of FNDC5), and • expression of adiponectin (a hormone produced by white fat cells) in both wild-type mice and mice with overexpression of skeletal muscle PGC-1a (a transcription factor whose expression in skeletal muscle is induced by exercise). Table 1 Experimental conditions Effects of Exercise and PGC-1a on UCP1, FNDC5, Irisin, and Adiponectin Wild-type mice Mice with skeletal muscle PGC-1a Figure 1 Blood glucose (mg/dL) no endurance exercise 300T 250+ 200- 150- 100- 50- 0- endurance exercise no endurance exercise Figure 1 shows the physiological effects of injecting viruses that encode either FNDC5 or a control protein into obese mice with disrupted glucose homeostasis. — FNDC5 • UCP1 FNDC5 mRNA mRNA levels levels Protein encoded by virus control protein 0 2.5 80 overexpression nd Note: nd = not determined; all measurements are relative to control. 1 25 Adapted from P. Bostrom et al. Ⓒ©2012 Nature. 30 60 90 120 Time (min) O A. transformation. O B. transduction. O C. contamination. O D. conjugation. FNDC5 effects on nonfasting blood glucose levels (Note: * indicates p < 0.05.) The information in the passage best supports which hypothesis? 1 2.8 O A. Exercise prevents glucose uptake. OB. Exercise promotes less effective cellular respiration. O C. Exocrine secretions of skeletal muscle act on adipose tissue. Mice that overexpress PGC-1a specifically in their skeletal muscles are most likely to exhibit which phenotype relative to wild-type mice? O A. Lower body weight O B. Lower body temperature OC. Higher physical activity O D. Higher nonfasting blood glucose levels O D. Endocrine secretions of adipose tissue act on skeletal muscle. The viruses that encode either FNDC5 or control protein transfer genetic material via: Blood irisin levels 1 1.7

Biochemistry
9th Edition
ISBN:9781319114671
Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.
Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science
Section: Chapter Questions
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The number of calories used during physical
exercise is greater than the number of calories used for
the movements themselves. This may be caused in part
by exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1
(UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat is mostly
white fat cells but can also contain brown fat cells in
mice and humans. As part of a thermogenesis program,
UCP1 directly reduces the proton gradient driving
oxidative phosphorylation. UCP1 expression is a
characteristic of brown fat cells only and is induced by
the protein irisin. The data in Table 1 address the
relationship between exercise and:
in both wild-type mice and mice with overexpression
skeletal muscle PGC-1a (a transcription factor whose
expression in skeletal muscle is induced by exercise).
Table 1 Effects of Exercise and PGC-1a on UCP1,
FNDC5, Irisin, and Adiponectin
• expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous fat cells,
• expression of FNDC5 (a transmembrane protein in
skeletal muscle plasma membranes),
• blood levels of irisin (a soluble protein formed by
cleaving the extracellular domain of FNDC5), and
• expression of adiponectin (a hormone produced
by white fat cells)
Experimental conditions
Wild-type mice
Figure 1
Figure 1 shows the physiological effects of injecting
viruses that encode either FNDC5 or a control protein
into obese mice with disrupted glucose homeostasis.
Mice with skeletal
muscle PGC-1a
overexpression
nd
Note: nd = not determined; all measurements are relative to control.
no endurance
exercise
80
Blood glucose (mg/dL)
Adapted from P. Bostrom et al. ©2012 Nature.
O A. transformation.
O B. transduction.
O C. contamination.
O D. conjugation.
O B. Mixed
300
250
200-
The information in the passage best supports which
hypothesis?
150+
100+
50-
0
O B.
O A. Exercise prevents glucose uptake.
O B. Exercise promotes less effective cellular respiration.
O C. Exocrine secretions of skeletal muscle act on adipose
tissue.
Mice that overexpress PGC-1a specifically in their
skeletal muscles are most likely to exhibit which
phenotype relative to wild-type mice?
O A. Lower body weight
O B. Lower body temperature
O C. Higher physical activity
O D. Higher nonfasting blood glucose levels
O C.
no endurance
exercise
O D. Endocrine secretions of adipose tissue act on skeletal
muscle.
O C. Noncompetitive
O D. Uncompetitive
O A.
O D.
O A. Increase in cancer incidence
O B. Increase in Cxc/1 expression
O C. Decrease in cellular ROS levels
endurance
exercise
The viruses that encode either FNDC5 or control protein
transfer genetic material via:
TH5487 acts as which type of inhibitor?
O A. Competitive
0
Which outcome most likely results from exposure of
Ogg1- mice to TNFa
O D. Decrease in Ko of TH5487 for its target
O A. I and III only
OB. I and IV only
O C. II and III only
O D. II and IV only
Protein encoded by virus
- control protein
— FNDC5
NF-KB occupancy
TNFα:
TH5487:
NF-KB occupancy
FNDC5 effects on nonfasting blood glucose
levels (Note: * indicates p < 0.05.)
TNFα:
TH5487:
NF-KB occupancy
Based on data shown in Figure 2, what are the effects of
GG1 and TH5487 on Cxc/1 expression?
expression.
III. TH5487 reduces the OGG1-mediated Cxc/1
expression.
IV. TH5487 stimulates the OGG1-mediated Cxcl1
expression.
TNFa:
TH5487:
NF-KB occupancy
UCP1 FNDC5
Blood
mRNA mRNA
irisin
levels levels levels
30 60 90 120
Time (min)
I. OGG1 reduces the TNFa induced Cxc/1 expression.
II. OGG1 stimulates the TNFa induced Cxc/1
TNFα:
15487
1
25
Researchers measured the NF-KB occupancy of the
Cxcl2 promoter following exposure to TNFa both in the
presence and absence of TH5487. Based on the data
presented in the passage, which figure depicts the
expected results?
2.5
.||
+
+
+
+
+
-
2.8
+
+
+
+
1
1.7
UCP1 most likely reduces the activity of which enzyme?
O A. ATP synthase
O B. Pyruvate kinase
O C. Na+ K+ ATPase
O D. Succinyl-CoA synthetase
Transcribed Image Text:The number of calories used during physical exercise is greater than the number of calories used for the movements themselves. This may be caused in part by exercise-induced expression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in subcutaneous fat. Subcutaneous fat is mostly white fat cells but can also contain brown fat cells in mice and humans. As part of a thermogenesis program, UCP1 directly reduces the proton gradient driving oxidative phosphorylation. UCP1 expression is a characteristic of brown fat cells only and is induced by the protein irisin. The data in Table 1 address the relationship between exercise and: in both wild-type mice and mice with overexpression skeletal muscle PGC-1a (a transcription factor whose expression in skeletal muscle is induced by exercise). Table 1 Effects of Exercise and PGC-1a on UCP1, FNDC5, Irisin, and Adiponectin • expression of UCP1 in subcutaneous fat cells, • expression of FNDC5 (a transmembrane protein in skeletal muscle plasma membranes), • blood levels of irisin (a soluble protein formed by cleaving the extracellular domain of FNDC5), and • expression of adiponectin (a hormone produced by white fat cells) Experimental conditions Wild-type mice Figure 1 Figure 1 shows the physiological effects of injecting viruses that encode either FNDC5 or a control protein into obese mice with disrupted glucose homeostasis. Mice with skeletal muscle PGC-1a overexpression nd Note: nd = not determined; all measurements are relative to control. no endurance exercise 80 Blood glucose (mg/dL) Adapted from P. Bostrom et al. ©2012 Nature. O A. transformation. O B. transduction. O C. contamination. O D. conjugation. O B. Mixed 300 250 200- The information in the passage best supports which hypothesis? 150+ 100+ 50- 0 O B. O A. Exercise prevents glucose uptake. O B. Exercise promotes less effective cellular respiration. O C. Exocrine secretions of skeletal muscle act on adipose tissue. Mice that overexpress PGC-1a specifically in their skeletal muscles are most likely to exhibit which phenotype relative to wild-type mice? O A. Lower body weight O B. Lower body temperature O C. Higher physical activity O D. Higher nonfasting blood glucose levels O C. no endurance exercise O D. Endocrine secretions of adipose tissue act on skeletal muscle. O C. Noncompetitive O D. Uncompetitive O A. O D. O A. Increase in cancer incidence O B. Increase in Cxc/1 expression O C. Decrease in cellular ROS levels endurance exercise The viruses that encode either FNDC5 or control protein transfer genetic material via: TH5487 acts as which type of inhibitor? O A. Competitive 0 Which outcome most likely results from exposure of Ogg1- mice to TNFa O D. Decrease in Ko of TH5487 for its target O A. I and III only OB. I and IV only O C. II and III only O D. II and IV only Protein encoded by virus - control protein — FNDC5 NF-KB occupancy TNFα: TH5487: NF-KB occupancy FNDC5 effects on nonfasting blood glucose levels (Note: * indicates p < 0.05.) TNFα: TH5487: NF-KB occupancy Based on data shown in Figure 2, what are the effects of GG1 and TH5487 on Cxc/1 expression? expression. III. TH5487 reduces the OGG1-mediated Cxc/1 expression. IV. TH5487 stimulates the OGG1-mediated Cxcl1 expression. TNFa: TH5487: NF-KB occupancy UCP1 FNDC5 Blood mRNA mRNA irisin levels levels levels 30 60 90 120 Time (min) I. OGG1 reduces the TNFa induced Cxc/1 expression. II. OGG1 stimulates the TNFa induced Cxc/1 TNFα: 15487 1 25 Researchers measured the NF-KB occupancy of the Cxcl2 promoter following exposure to TNFa both in the presence and absence of TH5487. Based on the data presented in the passage, which figure depicts the expected results? 2.5 .|| + + + + + - 2.8 + + + + 1 1.7 UCP1 most likely reduces the activity of which enzyme? O A. ATP synthase O B. Pyruvate kinase O C. Na+ K+ ATPase O D. Succinyl-CoA synthetase
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