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Jan 9, 2024

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1 International Drug Trafficking Jessica Drake The University of Arizona Global Campus GEN499 – General Education Capstone Prof. Michelle McCraney 11/13/2023

Introduction: The world is affected by the plague of drug trafficking. Drugs have an impact on everyone in many ways, from terrorist groups who utilize them as a source of funding to individuals who use them for personal purpose and ruin their lives due to addiction. Numerous documentaries and television programs depict the devastating effects of drugs on people, including addiction, violence, and those who profit from drug trafficking while endangering others. Securing the borders of the United States against drug trafficking has been a difficult and ongoing task for many years. Globally, efforts have been made to stop the flow of medicines and to prosecute those who manufacture and deal in them. Drug lords are frequently apprehended, but not before a new one appears to profit from the money. As a result, trafficking becomes an almost never-ending loop against an illicit sector that generates billions of dollars a year. Thesis Statement : International drug trafficking negatively impacts society by harming the environment, destroying economies, affecting healthcare systems, and crime rates. To mitigate its impact, we should focus on drug production and trafficking, maintain security, counterdrug operations, and international support against drugs. Annotation 1: Reference: Aschner, J. P., & Montero, J, C,. (2021). Architectures, spaces and terrirories of illicit drug trafficking in Columbia and Mexico. Crime, Media, Culture, 17 (3), 327- 351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1741659020910212 Annotation: This research explores the relationship between illicit drug trafficking activities in Colombia and Mexico, specifically cocaine and opioid trafficking, and the architectures, spaces, and territories they inhabit. It analyzes spaces that determine or are 2

determined by drug trafficking organizations' actions, using various methodologies and academic, official, and press information. The study also reconstructs case studies using architectural and geographic representation mechanisms. For example the source provides information from 2007 to 2015, which outlines municipalities with the highest number of cultivated and eradicated hectares of coca (used to make cocaine) in Colombia and poppy (used to make opiates) in Mexico. This source provides insight into why drug trafficking organzations select the locations they do, in order to grow poppy or coca. Which ties into research I am conducting regarding the impacts of drug trafficking to the environment. Annotation 2: Reference: National Archives and Records Administration. (n.d.). How illicit drug use affects business and the economy . National Archives and Records Administration. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/ondcp/ondcp-fact-sheets/how-illicit-drug-use- affects-business-and-the-economy Annotation: The economic cost of drug abuse in the US was estimated at $193 billion in 2007, including lost productivity, healthcare costs, and criminal justice costs. In 2009, 67% of current drug users were employed, with 88% reporting past-month use. Unemployed workers were twice as likely to report drug use. Full-time workers aged 18- 64 who reported drug use were more likely to report working for three or more employers in the past year. They were also more likely to miss two or more workdays due to illness or injury. Resulting in additional costs for companies to recruit, hire and train individuals so they are able to perform their job. The source does cover some statistics, the most 3

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alarming was the exonomic cost of drug abuse. This relates to the research I have done, as it shows that the cost of drug trafficking goes deeper than just the efforts the US is taking to prevent drugs from entering the US. This source ties into the points I will be making in my final paper regarding the wholistic costs associated with drug trafficking and impacts on the economy. Annotation 3: Reference: Defense Technical Information Center. (n.d.). https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA389095.pdf Annotation: The Department of Defense (DOD) and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) are leading federal departments in countering illicit drug trafficking and flow. DOD is responsible for tracking drug trafficking and DHS for securing US borders. They have created interagency task forces to facilitate and strengthen counterdrug missions. The review focuses on the two DOD and three DHS joint task forces, which conduct counterdrug missions and activities, particularly in the maritime domain. These task forces support the removal of cocaine bound for the US and strengthen interagency and foreign partners' counterdrug capabilities. However, questions have been raised about their effectiveness and coordination, including potential duplication of missions and activities. The report provides a variety of different information, such as year over year comparisons of information which shows the impact that the federal departments have on combating drug trafficking. This report is factual information right from the government, so I am able to use this information and cross reference with other sources. This report 4

contributes to my research because it shows the work the US government is conducting to implement counterdrug operations. Annotation 4: Reference: Paoli, L. (n.d.). What is the link between organized crime and drug trafficking? https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Letizia-Paoli/publication/325120387_What_is_the_li nk_between_organized_crime_and_drug_trafficking/links/5af96c040f7e9b026bf73457/ What-is-the-link-between-organized-crime-and-drug-trafficking.pdf Annotation: The article explores the link between organized crime and drug trafficking, distinguishing between two understandings: one that organized crime consists of criminal organizations and the other that it involves profit-driven activities. It argues that the link is weak if the first conceptualization is accepted, as hierarchical large-sale organizations do not dominate drug trafficking in most western countries. The article also investigates the conditions under which large-scale criminal organizations emerge. The article provides a variety of information and sources to demonstrate the link between organized crime and drug trafficking. This source supports other sources I have found through my research, highlighting that drug trafficking directly impacts organized crime and violence. This source relates to my research paper as it shows the impact drug trafficking has on crime and violence. Annotation 5: Reference: Srubar, B. (2015). Breaking Bad Policy: Shifting U.S. Counter-Drug Policy, Eliminating Safe Havens, and Facilitating Internation Cooperation. Huston Journal of International Law, 37 (1), 197-233. 5

Annotation: Drug trafficking has become a global problem, one of the world's largest grossing enterprises. The international community has attempted to combat this through various solutions, but the effectiveness depends on political will and good faith efforts from all nations. Incentivizing the international community to effectively pursue and prosecute drug traffickers and implement measures to combat production at the source is crucial for the success of international drug control efforts. This Comment provides a brief historical background on the problem, past efforts, and the current U.S. policy framework for combating internal drug trafficking, including incentivizing international cooperation on drug control. It also discusses the importance of extradition and mutual legal assistance as primary tools for achieving cooperation. This article had substantial information, which supports the claims, such as policies and cooperations between countries. Additionally, there is a great deal of evidence from other sources within the article. This article relates to my research paper because there has to be cooperation between countries in order to combat international drug trafficking. The US partners with origin countries to track down and apprehend individuals associated with international drug organizations. 6

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