GenEd1115 Syllabus Spring 2024 - Updated 10-24-2023

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1 HUMAN TRAFFICKING, SLAVERY & OTHER FORMS OF SERVITUDE IN THE MODERN WORLD (GENED-1115) Professor Orlando Patterson Department of Sociology Harvard College Spring 2024

2 GEN-ED 1115: HUMAN TRAFFICKING, SLAVERY & ABOLITION IN THE MODERN WORLD Spring 2023 Instructor : Professor Orlando Patterson, Department of Sociology, Harvard Time & Location: Tuesdays & Thursdays, 1:30pm-2:45pm, Location TBD Professor Patterson’s Office Hours: Wednesdays, 1:30-3:00pm or by appointment Head Teaching Fellow: TBD Course Description This course surveys the nature, types and extent of human trafficking, modern-day slavery and other forms of servitude such as trans-national and coerced domestic prostitution, forced migrant labor, child soldiering, debt-bondage, gendercide and marital slavery. Two dimensions of these topics are explored: the socio-economic, political and legal contexts that account for them; and the ethical, ideological and philosophical debates they raise in attempts to deal with them. For examples, we explore the domestic, economic and social factors accounting for sex-trafficking and prostitution, followed by an exploration of the ethical issues raised by the distinction between sex-trafficking, prostitution and sex work and whether the prosecution of voluntary sex- work constitutes a violation of a woman’s right to do as she chooses with her body. The economic and migratory factors accounting for labor trafficking is followed by a discussion of whether it should be treated as a crime, a migration issue, a labor rights issue, or one for which the failures of the undocumented migrants’ own country, or employers in the host country, should be held accountable. Our examination of the political and military factors accounting for the growing global problem of trafficked child-soldiers prompts a discussion of the complex ethical and legal problems of how to rehabilitate and hold accountable those who have committed crimes against humanity before adulthood. The final part of the course examines anti- trafficking movements and anti-slavery strategies by governments, the private sector and individuals as well as the ethical issues they raise, such as the rescuing of victims from modern- day forms of servitude without any provision for their economic survival, and the responsibilities of companies for atrocities in the supply of their raw materials. The adverse effects of the Covid- 19 pandemic on trafficking and anti-trafficking action are examined. Students are urged to examine their own unwitting involvement with these problems through the purchase and use of goods that are linked via global value-chains to victims of contemporary servitude. Ways in which students may become engaged with the alleviation of this global problem are also considered, including participation in a limited number of engaged sections.

3 Course website The course website will be the central source of information for the course. It will contain links to all online readings, posting areas based upon section assignments where all weekly responses are to be posted, space for students to share information and have conversations, and contact information for the course professor and Teaching Fellows. Website: https://canvas.harvard.edu/courses/129868 Sections There will be sections throughout the course. Students are required to attend all sections. Section times and locations: TBA Engaged Sections Students will have the opportunity to apply for an “Engaged Section” option. Students participating in the Engaged Section option will work with an anti-trafficking nonprofit organization that is confronting issues associated with the course and complete special projects developed to impact the problems studied in this course. More information about the specially designed Engaged Section opportunity will be discussed at the start of this course. Assignments and Grading There will be: A) Two online exams (70 minutes each). The first (an online midterm exam); the second (an online final exam): 40% of the final grade (20% each). The midterm will be held on Friday, March 10, 2023 (you can self-schedule this exam at any point during this 24 hour window of time). B) A final paper of between 8-10 pages due at the end of the reading period: 30% of the final grade. Instead of a final paper, selected students may substitute a report on their project during the semester with an anti-trafficking organization. For details see the Head TF (Dr. Bolger) or Professor Patterson. C) Section participation: 30% of the final grade Required Readings : Students are expected to read all of these. The total amount of reading for each week is roughly the same even where the number of articles differ, some being only a few pages.

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4 Recommended Readings are not required but will add depth to your understanding of the subject. Additional Resources are reference materials to be used by those with a special interest in the subject or in preparation for the term paper. Personal Narratives are brief, first-hand reports from victims of trafficking, modern-day slavery and other forms of servitude. They may be used in sections to illustrate discussions. INTRODUCTION Week 1: T, 1/23; Th, 1/25 Introduction. Nature and Types of Contemporary Trafficking and Servitude Readings: The ILO et al, 20022, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, pp. 11-15 https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf Orlando Patterson and Xiaolin Zhuo. 2018. “Modern Trafficking, Slavery and Other Forms of Servitude.” The Annual Review of Sociology 44: (Section 1:1-5 & Section 2:1-5) pp.1-12 Orlando Patterson, “The Constituent Elements of Slavery,” in Orlando Patterson, Slavery and Social Death , pp.1-14. S. Cameron & E. Newman, “Trafficking in humans: Structural factors,” in Cameron & Newman, Eds. Trafficking in Humans , Chapter 2. Recommended: Personal Narratives: Kevin Bales and Zoe Trodd, To Plead our Own Cause: Personal Stories by Today’s Slaves , pp. 56-58 (Valdete/Ada); 86-88 (Pot); 182-184 (Inez) Study Guidelines:  What are the main forms of servitude today?  What factors account for the rise of modern-day slavery since the last decades of the 20 th century?  How would you distinguish modern day slavery from earlier forms of servitude such as that which existed in the ante-bellum U.S?  How has the Global Pandemic affected Human Trafficking?

5 Week 2: T, 1/30; Th, 2/1 Causal Factors, Estimates and Philosophical Issues in Studying Trafficking and Modern Day Slavery Readings: The ILO et al, 2022, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, pp. 17-29 https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf Orlando Patterson and Xiaolin Zhuo, “Modern Trafficking, Slavery and Other Forms of Servitude,” The Annual Review of Sociology , 2018: Section 4, pp. 20-22 UNHR, Human Rights and Human Trafficking , pp. 4-28 https:// www.ohchr.org/Documents/Publications/FS36_en.pdf R. M. Hare, “What is Wrong with Slavery?” Philosophy & Public Affairs ,1979, Vol. 8, No. 2 Extracts from: pp.103-106; 119-121 Recommended: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Human Rights,” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rights- human/ Study Guidelines: • What are the conceptual and methodological challenges in estimating the hidden populations of victims of human trafficking and servitude? • What are the most reliable estimates and trends? • Why is slavery wrong? • What is distinctive about the human rights approach to trafficking and modern slavery when compared with other approaches? • What are the obligations and remedies required of states with regard to the traffricking of persons? PART 1. TRAFFICKING, GENDER and PROFIT Week 3: T, 2/6; Th, 2/8 The Nature, Extent and Control of Sexual Trafficking Readings: Donna Dickenson, “Philosophical Assumptions and Presumptions about Trafficking for Prostitution, “in Christien L van den Anker & Jeroen Doomernik, eds. Trafficking and Women’s Rights, 432-52. Siddharth Kara,(2017) Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery, pp.1-16 NMN, “What is the Nordic Model?” https://nordicmodelnow.org/what-is-the-nordic-model/

6 Annie I.Fukishima, “Beyond Supply and Demand: The Limitations of End-Demand Strategies,” in Kimberly Hoang and Rhacel Parrenas, Eds., Human Trafficking Reconsidered , 91-99 Ronald Weitzer, “The Social Construction of Sex Trafficking,” Politics and Society [2007] 35: 447-468. Personal Narratives: Kevin Bales and Zoe Trodd, To Plead our Own Cause: Personal Stories by Today’s Slaves, 103- 112 (Dina/ Rita); 175-180 (Jill) Study Guidelines:  What factors account for the global increase in sex trafficking in recent decades?  What are the personal and social consequences of sex work?  Is the concern with sex-trafficking a case of moral panic?  What are the relative merits of decriminalizing, legalizing or criminalizing sex work as anti-trafficking strategies?  Is the Nordic model effective? Or is it a morally questionable invasion of privacy which is patronizing to women and unfair in the collateral damage to the families of the prosecuted men? Week 4: T, 2/13; Th, 2/15 Economy, Organization and Agency in Trafficking and Forced Labor Guest Speaker Ms. Rhonelle Bruder, University of Toronto's Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Founder and Executive Director, Project iRISE The ILO. Profits and Poverty: The Economics of Forced Labor https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243027.pdf Louise Shelley, Human Trafficking , chapters 3-4. The Economist, “Prostitution: A Personal Choice,” Cover Story, Aug.9-15,2014 https:// www.economist.com/news/leaders/21611063-internet-making-buying-and-selling-sex- easier-and-safer-governments-should-stop NMN. “What’s wrong with Prostitution?” https://nordicmodelnow.org/2017/07/04/whats-wrong- with-prostitution/ Additional Resources: Dank M, et al. 2014. Estimating the Size and Structure of the Underground Commercial Sex Economy in Eight Major U.S Cities. https:// www.urban.org/sites/default/files/alfresco/publication-pdfs/413047-Estimating-the-Size- and-Structure-of-the-Underground-Commercial-Sex-Economy-in-Eight-Major-US-Cities.PDF Siddharth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery , 16-41; 200-219.

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7 Study Guidelines:  What socio-economic factors make people vulnerable to trafficking and forced labor?  What factors account for the profitability of forced labor?  What are the main ways in which sex-trafficking is organized?  What’s wrong with prostitution?  Does a woman (or man) have the right to sell their sexual services? Week 5: T, 2/20; Th, 2/22 Trafficking and Human Reproduction: Marital Slavery Gendercide and the Mail-Order Bride Industry The ILO et al, 2022, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, pp.59-74. https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf The Economist , “Gendercide: The worldwide war on baby girls,” http://www.economist.com/node/15636231 Tahirih Justice Center, “Child Marriage in the United States: A Serious Problem With a Simple First-Step Solution,” https://www.tahirih.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Tahirih-Child- Marriage-Backgrounder-2.pdf Kirsten M. Lindee, “Love, Honor, or Control: Domestic Violence, Trafficking, and the Question of How to Regulate the Mail-Order Bride Industry,” Columbia Journal of Gender and Law , Vol. 16, No.2 Resources: Tiefenbrun, Susan and Edwards, Christie J., 2009. “Gendercide and the Cultural Context of Sex Trafficking in China,”(December 12, 2009). Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 32, No. 3. :732-736; 743-6; 752-780 M.Viuhko, A Lietonen et al, Exploitative Sham Marriages: Exploring the Links Between Human Trafficking and Shame Marriages in Estonia, Ireland, Latvia, Lituania and Slovakia, esp. pp.36- 60https://humantraffickingsearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/ShamMarriagesEU.pdf U.N.H.R . Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979. https://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CEDAW.aspx Study Guidelines:  When does marriage become a form of servitude verging on slavery?  What is gendercide, what factors account for its growth in recent times, and how does it promote trafficking and modern servitude  Should it be considered a form of genocide to be prosecuted in similar terms?

8  What is wrong with the international mail order bride system? Should it be illegal? Week 6: T, 2/27; Th, 2/29 Global Health Aspects of Trafficking Guest Speaker : Dr Hanni Stoklosa, MD, MPH Emergency Physician | Department of Emergency Medicine | Department of Medicine | Brigham and Women’s Hospital, CEO | HEAL Trafficking International Organization for Migration, (IOM) “Health and Trafficking,” in Direct Assistance for Victims of Trafficking , chapter 5. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/iom_handbook_assistance.pdf C. Chon, “The Power of Framing Human Trafficking as a Public health Issue,” https:// www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/endtrafficking/the_power_of_framing_human_traffic king_as_a_public_health_issue.pdf Channing May, 2017. “Illegal Organ Trade,” in his Transnational Crime and the Developing World , pp. 29-33. https://www.gfintegrity.org/wp- content/uploads/2017/03/Transnational_Crime-final.pdf Abby Schachter, “The Case for Legal Organ Sales,” in Reason.Com. http://reason.com/archives/2011/11/11/the-case-for-legal-organ-sales Resource: Verite , “ Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains: Healthcare,” pp. 96-101. http://verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/JTIP- Verite-ExecutiveOrder_13627.pdf Study Guidelines:  What are the physical and mental health risks associated with trafficking?  What are the advantages of framing human trafficking as a public health issue?  How is the health industry implicated in trafficking via the global value chain?  Is the sale of organs always wrong? Should it be considered a form of trafficking? PART 2. LABOR TRAFFICKING AND OTHER FORMS OF SERVITUDE Week 7: T, 3/5; Th, 3/7 Globalization, Migration and Forced Labor Guest Speaker: Ms. Beatrice Fernando, former domestic slave in Lebanon Readings:

9 The ILO et al, 20022, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, pp. 22-42. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf C. Owens et al, “Understanding the Organization, Operation, and Victimization Process of Labor Trafficking in the United States,” Urban Institute, 2014. pp. ix-xviii. https:// www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/33821/413249-Understanding-the- Organization-Operation-and-Victimization-Process-of-Labor-Trafficking-in-the-United- States.PDF Human Rights Watch, “Swept Under the Rug: Abuses against Domestic Workers Around the World,” Section 5. Verite, Strengthening Protections Against Trafficking in Persons in Federal and Corporate Supply Chains, pp. 9-20. http://verite.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/JTIP-Verite- ExecutiveOrder_13627.pdf Recommended: A. Tizon, “My Family’s Slave,” The Atlantic , Feb, 2013. https:// www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/06/lolas-story/524490/ Additional Resources: C. Owens et al, “Understanding the Organization, Operation, and Victimization Process of Labor Trafficking in the United States,” Urban Institute, 2014. Chapters 3-6. https:// www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/33821/413249-Understanding-the- Organization-Operation-and-Victimization-Process-of-Labor-Trafficking-in-the-United- States.PDF Study Guidelines:  How are migration and trafficking related to the economic, political and communication changes associated with globalization?  How do U.S. immigration laws enable the trafficking and servitude of domestic workers?  Should we view the problem of labor trafficking as a labor exploitation issue, or of illegal migration, or of law and order, or of human rights?  How are global value chains related to trafficking? What familiar goods you use are implicated? Spring Recess 3/9 – 3/17 Week 8: T, 3/19; Th, 3/21 The Trafficking and Enslavement of Children Readings: The ILO et al, 2022, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, pp. 46-50 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf

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10 S O’Neil & K.Broeckhoven, Eds. 2018. Cradled by Conflict: Child Involvement with Armed Groups in Contemporary Conflict , pp. 16-21. https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:6409/Cradled_by_Conflict.pdf The Global Slavery Index, 2018. “Modern Slavery in Cocoa Agriculture in Ghana and Cote: https:// www.globalslaveryindex.org/2018/findings/importing-risk/cocoa/ U.N. Human Rights Committee, 2014.The Plight of the Restavèk (Child Domestic Servants in Haiti): http://www.ijdh.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/HRC_Restavek-Sept-12.pdf Recommended: S. O’Neil & K.Broeckhoven, Eds. 2018. Cradled by Conflict: Child Involvement with Armed Groups in Contemporary Conflict, pp.43-77. Study Guidelines:  What is the distinction between child labor, hazardous child labor, and child slavery?  What socio-economic and political factors account for child trafficking and slavery?  When does a person cease to be a child and what are the fundamental rights of the child?  Should child soldiers who commit heinous acts be held responsible in any way, either as children or when they grow up? Week 9: T, 3/26; Th, 3/28 Migration, Armed Conflict and the Global Refugee Crisis especially in Europe, the Middle East and South Asia Guest Speaker: Dr. Danilo Mandić, Lecturer in Sociology, Harvard University Readings: UNODC, Global Report on Trafficking in Persons, 2016 : pp. 57-66. http://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and- analysis/glotip/2016_Global_Report_on_Trafficking_in_Persons.pdf D. Mandic and C. Simpson, “Refugee and Shifted Risk: An International Study of Syrian Forced Migration and Smuggling,” International Migration , 2017. (Available on course website) The Advocates Post, “Trafficking of Rohingya Refugees” https://theadvocatespost.org/2017/10/25/trafficking-of-rohingya-refugees/ Nora Revkin, “ I am Nothing Without a Weapon: Understanding Child Recruitment and Use by Armed Groups in Syria and Iraq,” in Cradled by Conflict: Child Involvement with Armed Groups in Contemporary Conflict, pp. 103-139. https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:6409/Cradled_by_Conflict.pdf Cathy Otten, “Slaves of Isis: the long walk of the Yazidi women,” The Guardian 7/25/2017: https:// www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/25/slaves-of-isis-the-long-walk-of-the-yazidi- women

11 Recommended: The New York Times Editorial Board, 5/29/2015. “Horrors of Human Trafficking in South Asia,” https://nyti.ms/1AxNgWX Study Guidelines:  What factors account for the present global refugee crisis especially in Europe and Asia?  To what extent do migrants or refugees suffer trafficking and exploitation in the process?  Are smugglers playing a positive or negative role in the current crises?  What are the rights of refugees and how should the U.S. respond to the surge of Week 10: T, 4/2; Th, 4/4 Debt Bondage, Traditional (Descent-Based)Slavery, and State Slavery Readings: Siddharth Kara, Bonded Labor: Tackling the System in South Asia, Chapters 1 & 3 The ILO et al, 2022, Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage, pp. 43-44 https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/publication/wcms_854733.pdf Global Slavery Index, 2018. “Forced Labor in North Korea,” pp. 34-38 “Modern Slavery in the Fishing Industry,” pp. 48-54. Anti-Slavery International, “Mauritania: descent-based slavery,” https://www.antislavery.org/what-we-do/mauritania/ Resource: The New York Times 3-part series on Sea Slaves: “The Outlaw Ocean,” July 17, 20, 27, 2015 https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/07/19/world/stowaway-crime-scofflaw-ship.html https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/07/20/world/middleeast/murder-at-sea-captured-on-video-but- killers-go-free.html https:// www.nytimes.com/2015/07/27/world/outlaw-ocean-thailand-fishing-sea-slaves-pets.html E. Benjamin Skinner, A Crime So Monstrous , Chapters 3 & 8. Study Guidelines:  Is debt bondage always a form of slavery?  How do we account for the persistence of traditional forms of slavery and debt bondage in some parts of Asia and Africa?  Is the freeing of persons in slavery and debt-bondage by buying them from their masters a counter-productive moral hazard and inherently immoral?

12 PART 3. COMBATING TRAFFICKING AND FORCED LABOR Week 11: T, 4/9; Th, 4/11 The Role of Government: Prevention, Prosecution and Human Rights Readings: U.S. State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report , 2021, pp.7-12; 51-60; 67 https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TIPR-GPA-upload-07222021.pdf The U.N ., Human Rights and Human Trafficking , Section 3. The ILO et al, 2017. Global Estimates of Modern Slavery, pp. 49-53 https:// www.alliance87.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/global_estimates_of_modern_slavery- forced_labour_and_forced_marriage.pdf The Global Slavery Index, 2018: “Importing Risk: G20 Countries and Import of Products at Risk of Modern Slavery,” pp. 102-118. ILO. Roadmap for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016. Pp.1-4: https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_ipec_pub_13453.pdf Study Guidelines:  What are the current main practices of governments in the fight against human trafficking and servitude?  Do these practices create more harm than good, as several activists claim?  Is the American State Department’s approach in its annual Trafficking in Persons Report an effective approach or a form of Super-Power bullying?  How does a human rights approach relate to the role of government in preventing trafficking and modern day slavery? Week 12: T, 4/16; Th, 4/18 The Role of the Private Sector, Communities, & NGOs Guest Speaker Ambassador Dr. Swanee Hunt, Kennedy School and Hunt Alternatives. Readings: U.S. State Department, “Impacts of Covid-19 on the Anti-Trafficking Community,” Trafficking in Persons Report, 2021, pp.12-23 https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/TIPR-GPA-upload-07222021.pdf BSR, (2008) International Labor Migration: A Responsible Role for Business , 1-9; 46-47 https:// www.bsr.org/reports/BSR_LaborMigrationRoleforBusiness.pdf

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13 Nicholas Kristof & Sheryl WuDunn, Half the Sky: Turning Oppression into Opportunity for Women Worldwide, pp. 54-60; 233-254. ILO, The Cost of Coercion (2009), Chapter 4. https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- declaration/documents/publication/wcms_106268.pdf ILO. Roadmap for Achieving the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour by 2016. Pp. 4-6: https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- ipec/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_ipec_pub_13453.pdf Study Guidelines:  What are the best current practices of the private sector, communities, and NGOs in the fight against human trafficking and servitude?  How can the private sector best ensure that it is not morally complicit in value chains originating in trafficked or slave labor?  How effective are crusades against prostitution by international NGOs?  How has the Covid-19 pandemic affected anti-trafficking efforts by NGOs Week 13: T, 4/23 And what can you do? The role of students and other young citizens in the struggle against trafficking and modern slavery Guest Speaker: Ms. Rhonelle Bruder, University of Toronto's Dalla Lana School of Public Health, will discuss the work of Project iRISE Readings: U.N. Office on Drugs and Crime, “Prevention of Trafficking in Persons,” in Toolkit to Combat Trafficking in Persons , Chapter 7 http://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/HT_Toolkit08_English.pdf UNICEF. Training Manual to Fight Trafficking in Children for Labour, Sexual and Other Forms of Exploitation: Exercise Book Study Guidelines:  Do the Exercises in the Training Manual to Fight Trafficking in Children  What have you been doing to help fight human trafficking and modern slavery?  What do you plan to do next, after you have developed a better understanding of the issues at the end of this course? Review of the Course. Open forum with Professor Patterson

GenEd1115 Syllabus Spring 2024 - Updated 10-24-2023

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