Pregnancy Birth and Infancy Chart

Pregnancy, Birth, Newborn, and Infancy Chart Essay Hayley Abler Grand Canyon University SWK-516-O502: Human Behavior in the Social Environment I Dr Susan Harding November 28, 2023 1

Throughout the development of a child, from a fetus to a toddler, there are many different risk factors that can be involved. For instance, a fetus whose mother abused drugs can be born with a number of issues including low birth weight, intrauterine growth restrictions, respiratory distress, withdrawals from the drug the mother used, fine motor problems, malformations and even developmental delays (Hutchinson, 2019).This particular risk factor effects infants from all different cultures. Another risk factor that can affect infants is if their mother has an eating disorder .Eating disorders are most commonly found in women of childbearing age and are estimated to be an issue for 7,000,000 women in the United States annually(American Pregnancy Association, 2017c), but incidence among pregnant women is reported to be lower than that (Broussard, 2012).  This factor is more specific to the United States instead of worldwide and affects an infant through potential stillbirth, preterm birth, low birth weight and SGA neonates. (Hutchinson, 2019). To help elaborate and breakdown the risk factors of a child from the fetus stage into early childhood a chart has been included below.  As there are many risk factors to an unborn child by their mother and her choices, there are other risk factors to consider as well. Transgender family units can experience risk factors while trying to conceive and raise a child as well.  The risk factors that a transgender family unit faces differ from those families that include both a mother who identifies female and a father that identifies as male. It is common,however, that transmen use hormone therapy to develop male characteristics such as facial hair and lower voicetone.(Hutchinson, 2019) The desire to parent may remain, however, and drive the decision to bear a genetically related child (Wierckxet al., 2012). To fulfill this desire transmen are advised to stop testosterone therapy before becoming pregnant, but a pregnancy still can occur even without resuming menses (Light, Obedin-Maliver, Sevelius, & Kerns, 2014). With this 2

SWK-516 Pregnancy, Birth, Newborn, and Infancy Chart Stage Milestones Potential Risk Factors (child) Potential Risk Factors (Caregivers) Pregnancy/Birth & Newborn First Trimester Mother Extreme changes in mood  Nausea or vomiting  Frequent urination  Weight gain or loss  Extreme fatigue  Headaches  Lower back and pelvic pain Fetus Brain and spine Inner ear Cardiac tissue Genitals Fingernails Liver Eyelids Pancreas Kidneys Cartilage for the hands, feet and limbs Muscles of the mouth, eyes and nose Lungs miscarriage, or spontaneous abortion Abortion Stillbirth  Prematurity  Low birth weight  Intrauterine growth restriction  Respiratory distress  Fine motor Severe cramping A fever over 38° C (100° F) Odorous vaginal discharge Painful urination Vaginal bleeding Severe vomiting Severe cramping or 4

Second Trimester Mother Carpal tunnel syndrome — numbness, tingling or weakness in your hand A line on your skin running from your belly button to your pubic hairline Patches of darker skin on your face Lower back and pelvic pain Darkening areola Stretch marks along your Baby Bones begin to harden Skin starts to thicken Toenails form Nervous system begins to develop Hearing starts to develop Part of the brain that controls motor movements is fully formed Eyelids can open and close Kicks are stronger Digestive system is problems  Malformations  Developmental delays Abortion Stillbirth  Prematurity  Low birth weight  Intrauterine growth restriction  Respiratory distress  Fine motor problems  abdominal pain A fever over 38° C (100° F) Vaginal bleeding or fluids Sudden or extreme swelling Odorous vaginal discharge Painful urination Severe, persistent headaches Vomiting blood Shortness of breath 5

sleeping Swelling in your fingers, face and ankles system is complete Musculoskeletal system is complete Lungs, brain and nervous system are developed Fat continues to be added Fourth Trimester/Newborn Stage Mother Physical recovery Breastfeeding Emotional adjustment Baby vision is blurred They can hear, but they can't yet understand the meaning of infection, or oxygen deprivation Infections in the mother or the baby Exposure to environmental toxins, such as lead Diseases and adverse conditions of the newborn, such as sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, or retinopathy of prematurity Organizational factors, such as the quality of neonatal care should be moving every day) Your water has broken and you are not having contractions Constant pain between contractions. postpartum depression crack or 7

the sounds they're hearing. They can feel, but the reassuring and snug comfort of the womb has been replaced by disconcerting open space bleeding nipples chronically sleep deprived painfully swollen or engorged with milk postpartum recovery hormone fluctuations soreness Infancy 8

4 Month Old:  Social/Emotional Milestones Smiles on his own to get your attention an  Chuckles (not yet a full laugh) when you try to make him laugh  Looks at you, moves, or makes sounds to get or keep your attention  Language/Communication Milestones Makes sounds like “oooo”, “aahh” (cooing)  Makes sounds back when you talk to him  Turns head towards the sound of your voice  Cognitive Milestones (learning, thinking, problem-solving If hungry, opens mouth when he sees breast or bottle 10

Looks at her hands with interest  Movement/Physical Development Milestones Holds head steady without support when you are holding him  Holds a toy when you put it in his hand  Uses his arm to swing at toys  Brings hands to mouth  6 Month Old:  Social/Emotional Milestones Knows familiar people Likes to look at self in a mirror Laughs  Language/Communication Milestones Takes turns making sounds with you  Blows “raspberries” (sticks tongue out and blows)  Makes squealing noises  Cognitive Milestones (learning, thinking, problem-solving) 11

Language/Communication Milestones Makes a lot of different sounds like “mamamama” and “bababababa” an x icon Lifts arms up to be picked up)  Cognitive Milestones (learning, thinking, problem-solving) Looks for objects when dropped out of sight (like his spoon or toy)  Bangs two things together  Movement/Physical Development Milestones Gets to a sitting position by herself  Moves things from one hand to her other hand Uses fingers to “rake” food towards himself  Sits without support 13

References CDC. (2022, April 28). Causes and risk factors . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/developmentaldisabilities/causes-and-risk-factors.html Hutchinson, E. D. (2019). Human behavior in the social environment I: Conception through middle childhood. SAGE.  Lipkin, P. H. (2023, June 6). Important milestones: Your baby by nine months . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/actearly/milestones/milestones-9mo.html  UNICEF. (n.d.). Child Development . UNICEF Parenting. https://www.unicef.org/parenting/child-development#pregnancy Watson, S. (2022, January 18). The 4th trimester for you and your baby. What is the fourth trimester? https://www.babycenter.com/baby/baby-development/the-fourth-trimester- your-babys-first-three-months_10415518 14