Milestone One- Edited Research Proposal

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Southern New Hampshire University *

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510

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Sociology

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Jan 9, 2024

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Milestone One: Edited Research Proposal Christina Cintron

Social Media and Graduate Student Academic Assignments The topic that I have chosen to expand on for my final project is the impact that social media has on the grades that a student obtains. I came to this conclusion after considering the implications of this topic. I have a deep interest in the manner in which a student is impacted by external elements such as social media, parenting style, the environment in which they work, and other aspects that are comparable to these. If I were to suggest a topic for research, it would be to investigate whether or not the usage of social media has an impact on the grade that a student obtains for having completed an assignment. It is now feasible for people to connect with one another across a wide range of diverse platforms as a result of the spread of social media and the internet. Accessing social media may also be achieved via the use of a broad range of devices, such as mobile phones, laptops, tablets, and a great deal of other options. There is a correlation between the amount of time a student spends on social media that they spend working on an assignment and the likelihood that they will get a worse grade on that assignment. Specifically, this is the hypothesis that they have. One of the assumptions that is represented by the null hypothesis is that the use of social media will not have any effect whatsoever on the marks that students get. Problem Statement Social media is the mechanism by which we retain relationships, diversions, knowledge, and connections with millions of other people. It is the reason why social media has become the dominant force in today's society. This resource is available at any time and from any place on the earth, making it accessible to anybody. Through the usage of social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter, we have become used to the behavior of "scrolling" through the content.

What is the typical amount of time that we spend on various social media platforms every day? Does the amount of time spent engaging with other people constitute a substantial portion of daily life? If children spend a significant amount of time on social media, is there a connection between that amount of time and their overall academic performance? In order to get an awareness of the major influence that social media has on our day-to-day lives, it is vital to study these issues. This will allow us to develop a better grasp of the phenomenon. A large number of studies have been conducted by researchers in attempt to ascertain the connection that exists between the different platforms, productivity, and the capacity to recall information. The use of social media by students may be seen as either a technique of diverting their attention or as a resource for completing their classroom assignments. This literature review will contain a number of studies that will study the influence that Facebook and other social networking sites have had on the grade point averages of students in a variety of grade levels, ranging from middle school children to high school students to college students. These studies will be included in this review because they will be included in this compilation of research. Literature Review It was researched in the first study, which was written by Frein, Jones, and Gerow in 2013, how the usage of Facebook related to worse grades among college students. The research was published in 2013. According to the heading of the article, "When it comes to Facebook, there may be more to bad memory than just multitasking." In accordance with the assumption that is presented in the article, a greater amount of time spent on Facebook would result in a lesser degree of success when it comes to memory tests. A total of forty-four college students took part in the study. These students were categorized as either "high" or "low" Facebook users

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based on the amount of time they spent using the site on a daily basis, which was less than one hour. Following that, the participants were required to take a test of their word memory, during which they were not allowed to make use of any technological equipment. Additionally, the participants were asked to complete out demographic questionnaires, which had inquiries about their racial and gender identities, as well as other personal information. In compliance with the policies outlined in the APA Code of Ethics, these inquiries were kept confidential. Those who used Facebook less often were able to retain a much larger number of terms than those who used Facebook more frequently, as shown by the outcomes of the research. On the other hand, it is not yet clear whether or not the capacity to do many tasks simultaneously has an impact on this. The findings of this study were able to highlight not only the good and bad impacts that spending a substantial amount of time on social media may have on an individual's memory, but also the advantages and drawbacks of engaging in such behavior. Researchers that conduct further studies on the influence of social media on the memory of students will be able to benefit from the results of this study since they will be able to give relevant information. While the study did have some limitations, one of the limitations was that it was probable that some students had a better memory than others. This was one of the restraints that the research had. On the other hand, memory is not something that can be solely determined by the amount of time spent on the internet. There is another drawback to the study, which is that the sample size is relatively tiny. This indicates that the research cannot accurately represent a larger population because of the limited sample size. The study that was given in the second paper, which was written by Junco in 2015 and titled Student class status, Facebook usage, and academic performance, focused on the correlation between the use of social media and multitasking, namely Facebook. The research

was provided in the form of a paper. One of the most important life skills, especially for college students, is the capacity to effectively manage one's time. The researchers of this study explored the ways in which the usage of Facebook affects this specific quality. The researchers conducted an investigation on the degree to which Facebook acts as a distraction for students and the influence it has on their academic performance in comparison to students who did not use social media while they were in school. This was done in order to determine whether or not Facebook had a significant impact on students' academic performance. All in all, there were 1,744 college students that took part in the research study during the time that it was being conducted. Participants ranged from youngsters in their first year to senior persons in their golden years. The researchers anticipated that juniors and seniors would spend less time on Facebook, which would result in an improvement in their grade point average. This was the expectation put out by the researchers. Students received an email via their university accounts, requesting them to participate in a survey that included questions about their demographic information. The study was being conducted by the institution. They were given the opportunity to get a gift card to Amazon in return for their involvement. During the duration of the study, the American Psychological Association's Code of Ethics was strictly adhered to, and every piece of information that was gathered was anonymized. One of the many benefits of the study was that it included children from a wide range of grade levels and a large population size for the sample. This was just one of the many advantages that the study offered. On the other side, one of the disadvantages of the study is that the data was self-reported, which means that it cannot be confirmed as being completely correct. This indicates that the research has some limits. The results of the poll indicate that first-year students tend to spend an average of 48 minutes per day on Facebook, whilst second-year students spend an average of 46 minutes per day on the site. It

was said that first-year students had the lowest grade point averages, but senior students, who had the highest GPAs, only spent an average of 31 minutes per day browsing through Facebook. This was due to the fact that senior students had the highest degree of academic achievement. The fact that Facebook was perceived as a source of distraction was one of the limits of the study; yet, it is likely that the participants were utilizing Facebook as a resource for their academic work. As a result of the fact that the amount of time spent on social media by seniors stands out as an outlier throughout the poll, it is also unclear why seniors used Facebook less than their contemporaries. An desirable outcome would be the completion of a research that determines which grades make the most use of social media and the reasons for the predominance of these grades. All of the participants provided their informed consent for their replies to be investigated, and their identities were concealed from the public without their knowledge. owing to the fact that women are more likely to use social media than men, the results may be biased owing to the fact that the majority of the people that participated in this study were female. One of the drawbacks of the research is that this is the case. Due to the fact that the rates of social media usage by males and girls are not yet known, the disparity between the two groups was not taken into consideration. Throughout the course of the investigation, the researchers were able to ascertain the degree to which the students participated in activities such as video gaming (VG), internet sharing (IS), and media sharing (MS). When conducting the study, the researchers used a Likert scale with ten points to evaluate the participants' overall satisfaction. There were a number of factors that contributed to the success of the research, one of which was the large population size of the study, which comprised of 348 people. According to the data, the use of social media platforms proved to have a negative impact on the grade point average of students enrolled in higher education.

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In the research paper that was published in 2018 and titled "The associations between social-media use and academic performance among undergraduate students in biology," the authors, Leyrer-Jackson, and Wilson, focused on the ways in which the use of social media has an impact on the grades that students get. However, in contrast to the papers that came before it, the researchers restricted their participants to college students who were majoring in biology and were in their first, second, and third years of study. This was done to ensure that accurate results were obtained. A total of 234 individuals were used by the researchers in order to evaluate whether or not the use of social media was beneficial to the academic advancement of the individuals who participated in the study. In another instance, the students were requested to fill out a self-report survey that inquired about their personal information, study habits, grade point average, and the manner in which they used social media. Women spent between one and three hours every day on different types of social media platforms, which is much more than the amount of time that men spent using social media. The data indicate that women spend more time than men on social media. According to what was indicated, the student's GPA will decrease in direct proportion to the amount of time that they spent using social media as a distraction. The study had a number of advantages, one of which was that it contained a large sample group, and the questions that were asked were available to anybody who wanted to participate. On the other hand, one of the downsides is that, much like the earlier research projects, the survey was carried out in the form of self-reporting. This means that there is no guarantee that the students offered correct descriptions. This is one of the disadvantages. An important limitation of the study was that the researchers did not include senior folks in their sample, despite the fact that the sample size was rather large. This was a key limitation of the study. This study has the potential to serve as a basis for subsequent research into the college studies specialty that has the highest degree of

social media use and the consequences that high levels of social media use have on academic accomplishment. Specifically, this study looked at the relationship between social media use and academic achievement. Michikyan, Subrahmanyam, and Dennis (2015) released a paper with the title "Facebook use and academic performance among college students: A mixed-methods study with a multi- ethnic sample." The study took a multi-ethnic sample of college students. The investigation was conducted with the intention of examining the way in which college students posted on social media about their experiences while attending college. One of the differences between this study and others that had been carried out in the past was that the latter had focused on the amount of time that students spent using social media. The focus of this research was on analyzing the content that students shared on social media platforms, specifically focusing on its quality and substance. In their investigation, the researchers looked at whether or not students were writing positive or bad things about their experiences while attending college. After that, they made a connection between this information and the students' grade point average in order to determine whether or not it was a reliable indicator of the students' general academic performance. Two hundred sixty-one students, ranging in age from eighteen to thirty, took part in the study endeavor. Other participants included faculty members. A questionnaire was once again sent to the participants, which enquired about their demographic information as well as their usage of Facebook. The questionnaire queried about the number of times per day that the participants looked into their account, as well as the frequency with which they posted anything. The results were in line with the findings of the research that was conducted by Leyrer-Jackson and Wilson (2018). In that study, the researchers discovered that female participants used Facebook more often than male participants did in general. Additionally, the researchers found that fourteen

percent of the posts that were related to academics were positive, and that students who had a lower grade point average were more likely to spend more time looking at Facebook. This was one of the findings that the researchers gained from their investigation. One of the benefits of the study was that it had a large sample size, and it also had a wider age range than some of the other studies that had been conducted in the past, while still being within the constraints of college grade level. This was one of the advantages of the research. It would be beneficial for researchers to do further study on the age-related use of social media among college students. This would be of tremendous assistance to academics. The fact that the questionnaire that the participants fill out was open-ended was another advantage of the study. This was in addition to the fact that the survey was of the Likert kind. However, one of the problems was that not all of the students actively utilized social media, which made it hard to account for their involvement. This was one of the reasons why the investigation was unsuccessful. In a closing essay titled "Facebook and texting made me do it," the author writes: Rosen, Carrier, and Cheever (2013) released a paper titled "Media-induced task switching while studying." This work was published in 2013. According to the findings presented in this article, the researchers suggested that students use technology as a distraction when they are working on their assignments. The study was conducted with the participation of 263 students who were enrolled in various levels of education, including middle school, high school, and college. They were observed in their houses while they were working on their homework or studying for fifteen minutes, and the frequency with which they stopped to use technology was recorded. The people were watched while they were engaged on their schoolwork or studying. A minute-by- minute study was carried out by the researchers in order to get information about whether or not

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the student was distracted. Some of the activities that were regarded to be distractions were texting, calling, emailing, eating, getting up, instant messaging, and other behaviors that were very similar to these. They arrived at the opinion that the chance of a student doing well academically on the activities they were working on reduced in proportion to the frequency with which they were distracted. This was the result that they reached. This study used an observational approach, which is one of the reasons why it was beneficial. In contrast to some of the previous research, which were surveys that relied on data that was self-reported, this technique, which was based on observations, would be considered more trustworthy since it provided more information. It is likely that the age range of the participants might be seen as both a benefit and a drawback when viewed from different perspectives. One thing that might possibly have an impact on the study is the maturity level and age-related focus skills of the wide variety of participants. There is a fairly high number of individuals who participated, which is one aspect of the situation. An undertaking that would be both exciting and possibly productive would be to reproduce the study with a specified number of children in each grade or age group. In addition, the fact that the participants were already acquainted with the observers was still another characteristic that worked as both a gain and a detriment at the same time. It is possible that this will result in a greater level of trustworthiness of the findings and, hence, a higher degree of comfort; but, it is also possible that this could result in bias that will distort the results. Research Question & Hypothesis In the event that a student uses social media while working on an assignment, would there be any repercussions for their grade? Do you believe that there is a connection between the

amount of time a student spends on social media and the result of their academic achievement, namely their grades? In accordance with my null hypothesis, the amount of time that a student spends on social media will not have any impact whatsoever on the academic performance of that student. The amount of time spent using social media functions as the independent variable, while the subject population, which is comprised of college students, functions as the dependent variable. The amount of time spent using social media has an effect on the grade point average of the student. Participants At Southern New Hampshire University, graduate students who are currently enrolled in PSY-510 and PSY-520 courses will be selected to take part in the research project being conducted by the researchers. Students will vary in age from 22 to 50 years old, and they will be comprised of both male and female students. The students will participate in the program. Participants in the research will range from around fifteen to twenty individuals, and they will take part in the study. Participants will each be given a computer and a smartphone, and they will be asked to fill out a questionnaire. In addition, they will be given the opportunity to submit feedback. The information that was gathered from the survey will be subjected to an analysis. Procedure The individuals who are going to take part in the research study will be given an introduction prior to the beginning of the project, and once they have been properly informed, they will be requested to get their consent to participate in the research. There will be questions in the survey that deal to demographics, and there will also be a section in which respondents

will be asked to explain the field of study that they are currently pursuing. The participants will be asked to fill out a questionnaire on their usage of social media and how they feel about the quality of life they are now experiencing. Regarding the number of times they log into or check their social media accounts while working on an assignment, the number of hours per day that they spend on social media, and whether or not they believe that social media is a distraction from their job, their family, or their school, various pieces of information will be gathered as part of the evaluation. For the purpose of the research study, a scale of the Likert type would be used, and an illustration of this methodology would be as follows: between a significant amount of time and not at all. Never will be classified as 1, seldom (25%) will be coded as 2, sometimes (50%) will be coded as 3, the majority of the time (75%) will be coded as 4, and the majority of the time (nearly 100%) will be classed as 5. For the purpose of the study, these are the categories that will be used. Additional questions will be answered in order to explore the academic success of the students, including their course load, grade point average, and whether or not their usage of social media is harming their overall performance. For the purpose of evaluating the replies to these questions, a Likert scale scale with five points will be used. For the purpose of determining whether or whether interactions on social media have an impact on grades, the findings of the survey and evaluation will be used. Ethical Considerations Over the course of this whole investigation, the Code of Ethics of the American Psychological Association will be taken into account and strictly adhered to in a way that is consistent with its principles. The individuals who take part in the study will be asked to provide their informed consent, and the confidentiality of any information that is acquired will be protected at all times. During the whole of the research project, it is of the utmost importance to

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guarantee that all of the principles outlined in the APA Code of Ethics are adhered to with utmost diligence, and that the subjects' privacy and dignity are safeguarded to the greatest extent feasible. Principle B, which stands for "Fidelity and Responsibility," Principle C, which stands for "Integrity," and Principle E, which stands for "Respect for People's Rights and Dignity," are the principles that are violated the most frequently in this research. Furthermore, these principles are also the ones that are most likely to be violated. However, in order to completely adhere to the APA Code of Ethics, the subjects will be given the choice to choose the option that shows "decline to answer" for any subject for which they do not want to disclose information. This will be done in order to ensure that the APA Code of Ethics is properly adhered to. Self-report studies are known to have a number of problems, one of which is the concern for honesty, which is required for this study. It is general information that this worry is prevalent. Consequently, in order to guarantee that the findings of the research are reliable, it is expected that the participants would respond to the questions in the most truthful way that is physically feasible. To guarantee that all participants have a fundamental understanding of the APA Code of Ethics, it is the obligation of the researcher to ensure that this basic understanding is present. Because of this, people will be able to report any objections that they may have, but the researcher will take all necessary precautions to ensure that this does not occur. Data Analysis When everything is done, the information from the participant surveys will be entered into the SPSS Statistics program. The surveys will be collected when everything has been

completed. The material will be categorized based on both the criteria and the responses that were self-reported by the respondents. The groups will take into account a variety of factors, including but not limited to a person's age, gender, the number of times per day that they log in, the amount of time that they spend on social media, and grades on assignments. The information that was acquired will be presented in a way that is more visually attractive via the use of graphs, and descriptive data will be provided in order to highlight the mean and range of the data. Those who are doing the research and those who are evaluating the study will be able to more easily recognize any outliers that may be present within the data if they make use of these images. For example, in the case of males, age, grades, and use of social media, or females, age, grade, and usage, a t-test will be carried out in order to identify the mean and standard deviations of the variables. This will be done in order to determine the mean and standard deviations of the variables. There is a possibility that this may result in the production of information that will illustrate whether or not gender is a factor that dictates the amount of time a student spends on social media, and therefore, whether or not this has any impact on the academic achievement of the student. In order to determine whether or not there is a relationship between the two, the data that has been established will be used. The p-value of the study would be able to provide assistance in determining whether or not there is any relevance between the variables that are independent and those that are dependent on one another. Anticipated Results For the primary purpose of this research, the hypothesis is that the amount of time that students spend on social media while they are working on their projects will have a direct correlation to the length of time that their grades will suffer. Occasionally, the term "null

hypothesis" is used to allude to the assumption that there would be no influence of social media on the grades of a student that is being studied. There will be a relationship between the amount of time spent on social media and the grade point average of university students. The dependent variable will be the students themselves, and the independent variable will be the amount of time spent on social media. Despite the fact that I believe social media may be a good outlet for students to utilize when they are bored or irritated with academics and need a break from studying or completing assignments, I believe that social media is a distraction that can have an effect on both performance and the amount of time spent on tasks. In general, I believe that social media is a distraction that can have an effect on both performance and the amount of time spent on tasks. Whether or not the participants are frequent users of social media, whether or not they use it irregularly, or whether or not there is a lack of use of social media, the information that is collected from SPSS will offer a fuller picture of the situation. It is projected that there would be a significant and negative correlation between the amount of time spent on social media and academic achievement. Also, this association is expected to be significant.

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References Frein, S. T., Jones, S. L., & Gerow, J. E. (2013). When it comes to Facebook there may be more to bad memory than just multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(6), 2179-2182. Junco, R. (2015). Student class standing, Facebook use, and academic performance. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 36, 18-29. Lau, W. W. (2017). Effects of social media usage and social media multitasking on the academic performance of university students. Computers in human behavior, 68, 286-291. Leyrer-Jackson, J. M., & Wilson, A. K. (2018). The associations between social-media use and academic performance among undergraduate students in biology. Journal of biological education, 52(2), 221-230. Michikyan, M., Subrahmanyam, K., & Dennis, J. (2015). Facebook use and academic performance among college students: A mixed-methods study with a multi-ethnic sample. Computers in Human Behavior, 45, 265-272. Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 948-958.

Milestone One- Edited Research Proposal

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