Module 1- Discussion Board- Architecture and Design

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In your text chapter 3: Prison Architecture looks at architecture and design. Looking at the historical models described in your text, just how does a design of these historical models reflect the social consciousness of society at the time of construction? “The desire to separate criminals from society and punish them has been the most consistent influence on correctional architecture through the years” (Carlson, 2015). The Bastille, Convict Hulks, Panopticon, Pennsylvania and Auburn Models, Direct Supervision, and Supermaximum security are the designs in chapter three. Bastille and Convict Hulks were designed to hold mass numbers of prisoners and designed to give harsh punishment. The prisoners held in these designs lived-in unhygienic conditions that are considered inhumane today. During those times, society was concerned with punishing offenders, these designs were built to do just that. This living conditions were a part of the punishment. The concept of Panopticon was created by English philosopher Jeremy Bentham. It was designed for prisons to be watch by guards without them knowing for sure that they were being watched. Bentham believed that “power should be visible and unverifiable”. The belief was that prisoners would behave with constant surveillance. The focus during this time was modifying the behavior of the prisoners. The Panopticon was designed for prisoners to practice self- discipline to modify their behavior. The Pennsylvania and Auburn Models were designed for focus on developing more humane practices, using hard labor as punishment, and believed that inmates were bad influences on each other. These two models were referred to as the “separate and silent” systems. Offenders were kept away from each other by the use of an outside cell plan because it was

believed that they would teach each other how to commit crimes. The only time they were around each other was at work but a huge staff prevented them from mingling. Society then shifted its concerned about violence in prisons. The Direct Supervision Model and Supermaximum Security designs are a reflection of this concern. These prisons were designed to handle violent inmates and provided a good vantage point for staff to roam and monitor inmates. The Direct Supervision design facilitates inmate-staff communication. The Supermaximum design is to keep dangerous and aggressive inmates segregated with rows of cells facing an open space. The architecture and designs of the prisons in chapter three are a direct reflection on the social consciousness of society at their time of construction. Each design came about due to the influence of society.

References: Carlson, P. M. (2015). Prison and Jail Administration: Practice and Theory . Jones & Bartlett Learning. Comparison of Pennsylvania and auburn prison systems . RSS. (2021, February 25). Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://bohatala.com/comparison-of-pennsylvania-and-auburn- prison-systems/ Ethics explainer: The panopticon - what is the panopticon effect? THE ETHICS CENTRE. (2017, July 18). Retrieved August 14, 2022, from https://ethics.org.au/ethics-explainer- panopticon-what-is-the-panopticon-effect/

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Thank you, will do! Yes, I do believe the design sets the atmosphere for all who enter. I think people who have been incarcerated more than once may be used to that environment and won’t be affected but I believe for new inmates, staff, and visitors, the designs set the atmosphere for them. “Architecture sends a silent message to everyone walking into any place. It tells you what to expect and where the limits of behavior are” (Wall, 2016). For example, the Pennsylvania Model was designed to keep its inmates isolated, anyone who enters it would feel isolated. Reference: Wall, I. (2016, September 28). Architecture and prisons: Why design matters . The Guardian. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development- professionals-network/2016/sep/28/architecture-and-prisons-why-design-matters

Kiki, I believe anyone sentenced to the Panopticon design would be lonely. I think it would make them a little paranoid too. “Bentham laid down the principle that power should be visible and unverifiable. Visible: the inmate will constantly have before his eyes the tall outline of the central tower from which he is spied upon. Unverifiable: the inmate must never know whether he is being watched at any one moment; but he must be sure that he may always be so” (Awofeso, 2017). I couldn’t imagine knowing that I was being watched but couldn’t see it happening for sure. Bentham believed that this would teach the inmates self-discipline. I think it would be false self-discipline. If they are only “behaving” because they believe they are being watched, what happens when they are released and know for sure they aren’t. Reference: Awofeso, N. (2017, January 29). Disciplinary architecture: Prison design and prisoners' health . Hektoen International. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://hekint.org/2017/01/29/disciplinary-architecture-prison-design-and-prisoners- health/#:~:text=Bentham%20and%20Foucault%20speculated%20that%20by %20embedding%20punishment,reaction%20to%20the%20punishment%20of %20criminals%20%28Hirst%2C%201994%29.

Sherika, I also believe that the design of a prison can create discontent for prisoners and staff. While doing research I ran into a couple of articles about a study done by a researcher at the Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement named, Karin Beijersbergen. She talks about how the designs of prisons can affect the relationship of prisoners and staff. She surveyed about a thousand inmates and found that the design of the prison had affect their relations with staff. Prisoners who are isolated tend to feel estranged from staff. This estrangement can cause tension and psychological distress which could lead to violence. This estrangement could also lead to the prisoners feeling institutionalized. Reference: Jacobs, R. (2014, June 17). How prison architecture can transform inmates' lives . Pacific Standard. Retrieved August 18, 2022, from https://psmag.com/news/jail-prison- architecture-inmates-crime-design-82968

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