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1 Sociological Imagination Project Edna Bertuglia SOC 1305- ONLINE Introduction to Sociology Leona McGowan, MS December 10 th , 2023

2 Introduction Sociological imagination is a valuable tool for comprehending how broader social, political, and historical contexts shape individual experiences (Conerly et al., 2022). To truly understand individuals’ lives, sociologists must look beyond their immediate circumstances and examine the larger social forces. Sociological imagination lets us perceive the connection between individual lives and society (Wright, 2017). Sociological imagination enables individuals to connect their personal experiences with societal issues. It recognizes that many emotional problems are not isolated incidents but widespread public issues (Wright, 2017). In my Sociological Imagination project, I focus on a segment of society particularly vulnerable to economic and social changes (Wright, 2017). Through the lens of sociological imagination, we can transcend individual experiences and recognize that the problems faced by retirees are not solely personal but also social (Conerly et al., 2022). Sociological imagination aids in the understanding of personal experiences and challenges by considering the broader social contexts in which they occur (Wright, 2017). This includes considering historical events, social institutions, and structural inequalities. It encourages individuals to think critically about the world and recognize the societal implications of their actions and decisions (Wright, 2017). Through sociological imagination, I can analyze the emotions experienced by retired individuals who struggle to meet their monthly expenses and provide for their families because of insufficient funds (Wright, 2017). This concept enables us to understand the challenges retirees face in the face of broader social forces. (Giddens,2021)

3 The financial struggles of low-income retired individuals to maintain a decent standard of living, afford necessities, and make ends meet are deeply personal. This often leads to feelings of anxiety, stress, and frustration, as they cannot afford essential services such as healthcare and housing; these factors are crucial for ensuring financial security during retirement (Conerly et al., 2022). Sociological imagination plays a vital role in comprehending the complexities of these issues and shedding light on the broader social forces that contribute to the challenges retirees face (Conerly et al., 2022). Socialization Across Life Spam. The impacts of increased life expectancy on retirees with limited income are significant and multifaceted. This demographic may face challenges in financing a longer retirement period and may struggle to cover rising healthcare costs, including medical treatments, medications, and long-term care (Conerly et al., 2022). Moreover, longer life expectancies may strain social security and pension systems, which can negatively impact those relying on fixed incomes, potentially leading to financial stress and economic insecurity (Conerly et al., 2022). Retirees with longer life expectancies may also face difficulties in maintaining affordable housing and covering day-to-day living expenses, especially if their income is insufficient to keep up with increased costs (Wright, 2017). They may choose to work part-time during retirement to supplement their income; however, longer life expectancies may present challenges in finding suitable employment opportunities due to age-related biases or health limitations (Wright, 2017).

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4 Additionally, longer life expectancies can exacerbate economic insecurity for retirees, especially if they are unable to accumulate sufficient savings during their working years (Wright, 2017). This may result in a reliance on public assistance programs and increased vulnerability to economic shocks. The fear of outliving one's savings and the constant pressure to meet basic expenses can also negatively impact retirees' overall well-being, contributing to mental health issues such as stress, anxiety, and depression (Wright, 2017). Retirees facing longer life expectancies must engage in careful financial planning, ensuring that their income covers not only basic expenses but also unexpected costs that may arise during an extended retirement (Wright, 2017). They may also need to depend more on family, social support networks, and community services for assistance. The increasing life expectancy presents both challenges and opportunities for retirees, particularly those with limited income. It is crucial to address these issues to ensure that retirees can enjoy a comfortable and secure retirement (Wright, 2017). Social inequality. Social inequality can have a profound impact on low-income retirees, as they can face significant challenges in affording their monthly basic expenses (Wright, 2017). Low-income retirees may encounter difficulties accessing quality healthcare due to financial constraints. Disparities in medical services, resulting from social inequality in healthcare, can contribute to health issues for seniors (Conerly et al., 2022). Inadequate Retirement Savings, and social inequality in employment opportunities and wages during the working years can lead to insufficient retirement savings for low-income individuals. Limited access to employer-sponsored retirement plans or lower wages can impede the ability to build a robust financial cushion for retirement (Wright, 2017). Low-income retirees

5 also may face housing costs, risking homelessness or inadequate living conditions due to the unaffordability of suitable housing (Wright, 2017). Social inequality in education and access to resources can impact financial literacy and retirement planning. Individuals with limited access to education may face challenges in making informed financial decisions, affecting their ability to manage expenses during retirement (Conerly et al., 2022). Low-income retirees may become heavily reliant on social safety nets and government assistance programs. Disparities in the effectiveness and availability of these support systems, resulting from social inequality, can affect the quality of life for retirees (Conerly et al., 2022). Social inequality can also contribute to stress, anxiety, and poorer mental health outcomes for low-income retirees (Conerly et al., 2022). Financial insecurity and limited access to resources may also impact physical health, as individuals may struggle to afford necessary healthcare and medications (Conerly et al., 2022). Social inequality can contribute to feelings of exclusion or marginalization for low-income retirees. They may encounter societal stigmas or discrimination, impacting their overall well-being and quality of life (Conerly et al., 2022). Low-income retirees may have fewer opportunities for social engagement and recreational activities due to financial constraints. Disparities in access to community resources and activities that enhance overall well-being, resulting from social inequality, can contribute to this issue (Conerly et al., 2022). Social inequality can also perpetuate cycles of disadvantage, affecting not only the current generation of retirees but also their children and grandchildren, limited access to educational and economic opportunities can persist across generations (Conerly et al., 2022). Retirees who need or want to work may encounter barriers to employment due to

6 ageism, limited job opportunities, or inadequate support for older individuals seeking employment. Social inequality necessitates comprehensive efforts at various levels, including policy changes, social programs, and initiatives aimed at promoting economic justice and equal opportunities (Gibson, 2021) Creating a more equitable society can help alleviate financial struggles and improve the overall well-being of low-income retirees (Gibson, 2021) Aging and Older Adults As people age, it becomes increasingly difficult for them to earn a livelihood and meet their basic expenses. For many older adults, the lack of sufficient retirement income can cause a wide range of challenges that can adversely impact their well-being (Conerly et al., 2022). Insufficient funds may limit older adults' access to necessary healthcare services, medications, and preventive care (Gibson, 2021). This can lead to health issues going untreated or unmanaged, negatively impacting their overall well-being. Insufficient retirement income may also make it difficult for older adults to afford suitable housing (Gibson, 2021). They may have to compromise on living conditions, or worse, be at risk of homelessness. This could result in housing insecurity, a major concern that affects their overall quality of life (Gibson, 2021). Older adults with limited funds may struggle to afford nutritious food. This can lead to malnutrition and health problems, making food insecurity a significant concern (Gibson, 2021). Financial constraints can limit older adults' ability to participate in social activities or engage in recreational pursuits, leading to social isolation. This can contribute to feelings of loneliness and adversely impact their mental health (Gibson, 2021) Covering essential expenses such as utilities, transportation, and personal care items may become challenging, affecting the daily lives of older adults (Gibson, 2021) Some older adults

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7 may turn to credit or loans to make ends meet, leading to increased debt and financial stress. Financial stress can contribute to anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. Insufficient retirement income can result in a compromised overall quality of life. Older adults may have to make difficult choices between essential needs, impacting their physical and emotional well-being. Older adults with inadequate retirement income may become increasingly dependent on family members, friends, or social support systems for financial assistance and basic needs (Gibson, 2021) Financial struggles can take a toll on mental health, contributing to stress, anxiety, and depression among older adults. Mental health issues, if left unaddressed, can further exacerbate other health problems (Gibson, 2021). Furthermore, older adults facing financial difficulties may become vulnerable to scams and financial exploitation, making it crucial to take necessary precautions to protect them (Gibson, 2021) Social Imagination Project and the Conflict Theory. Conflict theory, as a sociological theory under the Sociological Imagination project, can be utilized to elucidate the financial challenges faced by retirees. This theory focuses on power dynamics, social inequality, and the impact of inter-group conflicts on the distribution of resources and opportunities (Conerly et al., 2022). Applying conflict theory to the financial struggles of retirees can help understand how structural problems with economic inequality, class differences, and resource allocation have resulted in their incapacity to meet fundamental demands throughout retirement (Conerly et al., 2022).

8 Conflict theory and the following aspects of the retired person’s circumstances. Economic Inequality Sociological theories such as conflict theory highlight economic inequality as a fundamental characteristic of societies, where prevailing groups often gain advantages at the expense of marginalized ones (Conerly et al., 2022). This becomes particularly critical when considering retirees who lack sufficient financial means to sustain their livelihoods (Gibson, 2021) In the context of retirees, the theory suggests that those with more financial resources may enjoy greater financial security during their retirement years. They may have better access to healthcare, comfortable living arrangements, and more opportunities for social and leisure activities (Gibson, 2021) Conversely, retirees with limited financial means may face challenges such as housing insecurity, inadequate healthcare, and limited access to essentials (Conerly et al., 2022). The impact of economic inequality on retirees goes beyond immediate financial constraints, perpetuating a cycle of limited opportunities and worsening disparities in education, employment, and overall well-being (Conerly et al., 2022). This affects the quality of life in retirement for individuals with fewer financial resources. Furthermore, the theory prompts reflection on societal structures and policies contributing to economic disparities among retirees (Conerly et al., 2022). It encourages the examination of factors such as unequal access to employment opportunities, wage gaps, and the adequacy of social safety nets, all of which shape the financial trajectories of individuals in their retirement years (Conerly et al., 2022). Addressing economic inequality among retirees requires a multifaceted approach, encompassing policy reforms, social initiatives, and advocacy efforts

9 aimed at creating a more equitable society. This involves challenging systemic issues perpetuating economic disparities and advocating for changes that ensure financial security and a dignified quality of life for all retirees, regardless of their financial background (Conerly et al., 2022). Class Struggle The concept of class struggle is a fundamental element in conflict theory, especially when considering the difficulties encountered by retirees with low incomes in meeting their basic needs (Gibson, 2021). Income Disparities in Retirement, conflict theory emphasizes societal inequalities. In the context of retirees, a clear class divide exists between those with sufficient retirement income and those with limited financial resources (Gibson, 2021). Class struggle becomes evident as retirees contend with economic disparities that impact their ability to meet basic needs. Power Dynamics in Pension and Social Security Systems, the class struggle is rooted in power dynamics, and conflict theory posits that those in positions of power often shape policies to their advantage (Gibson, 2021.) Retirees may engage in a class struggle concerning pension and social security systems, where power imbalances influence decisions on benefit levels, eligibility criteria, and overall support for different economic classes (Gibson, 2021). Retirees with low income may face restricted access to economic opportunities, and class struggle manifests because of disparities in job opportunities, wages, and the ability to accumulate wealth during their working years (Gibson, 2021). The struggle continues into retirement as they contend with financial constraints and limited avenues for economic advancement (Gibson, 2021).

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10 Healthcare Disparities and Access, the class struggle is evident in healthcare access, where retirees with low income may encounter difficulties obtaining adequate medical care (Gibson, 2021). The disparities in health outcomes are often linked to socioeconomic class, highlighting how class-based struggles persist even in matters of well-being (Gibson, 2021). Housing Insecurity and Disparity, the Conflict theory recognizes class struggles in housing dynamics when retirees facing financial challenges may experience housing insecurity, with class disparities impacting their ability to afford suitable living conditions and maintain a certain standard of living. The class struggle is reflected in the availability and adequacy of social services (Gibson, 2021). Retirees with low income may find themselves in a class-based struggle for access to essential support services, as the quality and availability of these services may vary based on economic class (Gibson, 2021). Conflict theory encourages individuals to engage in class-based struggles for economic justice (Conerly et al., 2022). Retirees, particularly those with limited income, may participate in advocacy efforts to address systemic issues perpetuating economic disparities, seeking reforms that promote fairness and equality in retirement support systems. In essence, conflict theory provides a lens to understand the class struggles faced by retirees with low income, emphasizing the structural inequalities and power imbalances that contribute to their challenges (Conerly et al., 2022). Examining societal structures and government policies Analyzing the effects of resource distribution, social security policy, and retirement system design on retirees’ financial well-being can be done with a retired individual. According

11 to the theory, certain groups may be disproportionately favored while others are disadvantageous because of policies and structures (Conerly et al., 2022). Conflict theory assumes that those with more resources, including financial resources, have greater access to economic opportunities (Conerly et al., 2022). In the context of retirement, a person with insufficient resources may lack the financial resources they need to take advantage of economic opportunities, such as investments, entrepreneurship, or participation in certain markets (Conerly et al., 2022). Conflict theory suggests that societal structures often favor those who have more wealth and resources (Conerly et al., 2022). This structural inequality can limit the economic mobility of those with fewer resources, including retirees who have low incomes, making it difficult for them to take advantage of economic benefits (Conerly et al., 2022). Retirees who do not have sufficient retirement income may find themselves unable to invest in education, start a business, or participate in activities that could improve their economic well- being (Conerly et al., 2022). Lack of financial resources may limit their ability to take up opportunities that could lead to higher income or financial security (Conerly et al., 2022). Conflict theory recognizes that access to education and skills training is often influenced by economic factors (Conerly et al., 2022). A retired person who lacks sufficient financial resources may struggle to afford continued education or training, limiting their ability to acquire new skills that could improve their employability or open up new economic opportunities (Conerly et al., 2022). Those with more financial resources can participate more actively in economic markets, including investing, entrepreneurship, and other wealth-building activities. A retiree with

12 insufficient retirement funds may lack the capital necessary to engage in these markets and may not be able to take advantage of economic opportunities (Conerly et al., 2022). Conflict theory emphasizes social stratification based on economic status. In retirement, individuals with greater financial resources may have a higher social and economic status, while those with limited resources may experience a lower status, affecting their access to economic opportunities and social privileges (Conerly et al., 2022). Conflict theory also considers how age-related bias and discrimination can create barriers to economic opportunity. Retired individuals facing financial challenges may encounter age discrimination in the labor market or other economic areas, further limiting their opportunities to improve their financial situation (Conerly et al., 2022). Conflict theory encourages advocacy for economic justice to address systemic inequalities. In the case of retirees of insufficient means, this might mean challenging policies that contribute to economic inequalities and advocating for changes that promote fair economic opportunities for all, regardless of their financial status (Conerly et al., 2022). By applying conflict theory to the situation of retirees without sufficient retirement income, we can better understand the structural inequalities and power imbalances that affect their access to economic opportunity and advocate for systemic change to address these issues (Conerly et al., 2022).

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13 In conclusion, the solution to the financial issues faced by retirees is a partnership between the government, the private sector, not-for-profit organizations, and the community. Working together, policies, social programs, and cultural changes can all help create a more inclusive environment for those retirees facing financial challenges. In the end, the solution to financial issues among retirees is a collective responsibility that requires a shared belief in social justice and equity. By working together and implementing strategies, societies can ensure that all retirees, no matter their financial situation, can grow old with dignity, security, and the care they deserve. Together, we can create a fairer and more compassionate future for our growing population.

14 References: Conerly, T. R., Holmes, K., & Tamang, A. L. (2022). Introduction to Sociology 3e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/details/books/introduction-sociology-3e Anthony, G., (2021). Introduction to Sociology. Seagull Twelfth Edition. W. W. Norton & Company. Wright, C. (2017). Sociological Imagination. First Edition. Macat Library. (Gibson, 2021)

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