Sociology chap 1 study guide answers

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Sociology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1. Sociology is defined as the systematic study of the relationship between individuals and groups within society. 2. A sociological perspective is to see and understand the connections between individuals and the broader social contexts in which they live. *NOTE: Questions 3 through 7 focus on other social sciences besides sociology: Anthropology / Economics / History / Political Science / Psychology 3. Anthropology refers to the study of culture, focus on the “primitive.” 4. Psychology refers to the study of development / function of mental-emotional processes. 5. Economics refers to the study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. 6. Political science refers to the study of organization, administration of government. 7. History refers to the study of past events. --------- 8. Modernity refers to a period in human history that was characterized by the growth of democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy. 9. Science uses logic and the systematic collection of evidence to support its claims about the world.

*10. The enlightenment was an intellectual movement that combined a belief in individual freedom and respect for individual rights with the logic of the natural sciences. 11. Industrialization refers to the use of large-scale machinery for the mass manufacture of consumer goods. 12. Urbanization refers to the growth of cities. 13. Positivism refers to a belief that accurate knowledge must be based on the scientific method; based upon “positive” facts as opposed to mere speculation. *14. Capitalism refers to a system in which ownership of the major means of production (e.g., factories, utilities, railways) is in private hands and entities in order to pursue profits. *15. Socialism refers to a system in which ownership of the major means of production (e.g., factories, utilities, railways) is in public hands and government in order to provide for the collective welfare of a larger society on a more equitable basis. 16. Social solidarity refers to the collective bonds that connect individuals in society. 17. Division of labor refers to where people specialize in different tasks, each requiring specific skills in order to produce more goods. 18. Collective conscience refers to the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community as well as wider society.

19. Anomie refers to a state of chaotic social norm-less-ness without moral guidance or ethical standards. 20. Rationalization of society refers to the long-term historical process by which rationality replaced tradition as the basis for organizing social and economic life. 21. Social theory is a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena. 22. Micro level analysis theories focuses on small scale, usually face-to-face, social interactions. 23. Macro level analysis theories focuses on large-scale social systems and processes, such as the economy, politics, and population trends. 24. Meso level analysis theories focuses somewhere between very large and very small social phenomenon, such as organizations and companies. 25. Structural functionalist theories focus on consensus and cooperative interaction in social life, emphasizing how the different parts of a society contribute to its overall operation. 26. Manifest functions are the recognized and intended consequences of social phenomena. 27. Latent functions are the largely unrecognized and unintended consequences of social phenomena. 28. Dysfunctional functions inhibit or disrupt the working of a system as a whole.

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29. Conflict theories are social theories that focus on issues of contention, power, and inequality, highlighting the competition for scarce resources. 30. Symbolic interactionist theories are theories that focus on how society emerges from people’s use of shared symbols in the course of their everyday interactions. *31. Verstehen German word for “deep understanding,” in which the researcher tries to understand action from the perspective of the actor (emphasizing the subjective rather than objectivity). 32. Culture is the collection of values, beliefs, knowledge, norms, language, behaviors, and material objects shared by a people and socially transmitted from generation to generation. 33. Structure refers to the recurring patterns of behavior in social life. 34. Power is the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others. *35. Inequality refers to the systematic and unequal distribution of resources among various groups of people. 36. Post modernity is a historical period beginning in the mid-twentieth century characterized by the rise of information-based economies and the fragmentation of political beliefs and ways of knowing. Questions 37-40 are multiple-choice: Designate your selection with a letter (e.g., A, B), highlight or CAPITALIZE your choice: 37. Sociology is the systematic study of the relationship: a) Between individuals and groups with the natural world

b) Between individuals and groups within human society 38. The sociological perspective is to see and understand: a) Connections between individuals and broader social contexts b) The lack of connections between individuals and the world 39. According to C. Wright Mills: a) Larger forces in society (history) depends in part upon our individual condition (biography) b) Our individual condition (biography) depends in part upon larger forces in society (history) 40. Sociologists suggest that in relying on commonsense folk wisdom in making sense of the world, one likely will find: a) Consensus grounded in the scientific method b) Contradictory claims made by various claimants Questions 41-46 are MATCHING utilizing the posted terms. Fill-in your choice for each: MATCH the term by filling in the blank next to the correct definition: Anthropology / Economics / History / Political Science / Psychology / Sociology 41. Anthropology- Study of culture, focus on the “primitive” 42. History- Study of past events 43. Political science - Study of organization / administration of government 44. Psychology- Study of people’s mental-emotional processes

45. Sociology- _ Study the relationship between individuals and groups within society 46. Economics- Study of production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services Questions 47-50 are multiple-choice: Designate your selection with a letter (e.g., A, B), highlight or CAPITALIZE your choice: 47. Science best refers to the use of: a) Commonsense folk wisdom and morality tales b) Logic and systematic collection of evidence 48. Enlightenment thinkers argued that the world should be: a) Closed to questioning for fear of upsetting religious idols b) Open to questioning and examined through reason 49. Modernity was best characterized by the growth of:: a) Autocratic and despotic governments lacking personal freedom, increased reliance on religion to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward a rural agricultural economy b) Democracy and personal freedom, increased reliance on reason and science to explain the natural and social worlds, and a shift toward an urban industrial economy 50. Sociology came into being as a social science during a: a) Global shift from factory production in cities to rural farms b) Global shift from rural farms to factory production in cities

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Questions 51-58 are MATCHING utilizing the posted names. Fill-in your choice for each: Match the sociologist with the correct description: Jane Addams / Herbert Spencer / Karl Marx / Emile Durkheim / Max Weber / Harriet Martineau / W.E.B. DuBois / Auguste Comte 51. Auguste Comte- Coined the term “sociology” and positivism 52. Herbert Spencer- Saw society as a social organism 53. Karl Marx- Focused on the effects of capitalism on workers 54. Emile Durkheim- Studied social solidarity within society 55. Max Weber- Work spotlighted the Protestant Ethic in promoting capitalism and the rationalization of society 56. W.E.B. Dubois- Scholar addressing racism & NAACP cofounder 57. Jane Addams- Won the Nobel Peace Prize for their work addressing immigrants and urban problems 58. Harriet Martineau- Popular activist magazine writer whose work spotlighted the intersection of gender discrimination & slavery Questions 59-75 are multiple-choice: Designate your selection with a letter (e.g., A, B), highlight or CAPITALIZE your choice: 59. Social theory is a set of principles and propositions that: a) Explains the relationships among biological phenomena b) Explains the relationships among social phenomena 60. Theories try to explain observations by answering: a) “Who” questions

b) “Why” questions 61. The material aspects of social life existing outside us are: a) Objective conditions b) Subjective dimensions 62. The world of ideas, including our sense of self, social norms, values, and belief systems existing within us are a) Objective conditions b) Subjective dimensions 63. Micro-level analysis best involves the study of: a) Large scale, usually social systems and society-wide processes b) Small scale, usually face-to-face, social interactions 64. Meso-level analysis best involves the study of society: a) Found somewhere between the macro-level and micro-level b) Found higher than the large scale society-wide processes

65. Structural-functionalism theories focus upon: a) Conflict and competitive interaction in social life b) Consensus and cooperative interaction in social life c) How society emerges from people’s use of shared symbols 66. Symbolic-Interactionist theories focus upon: a) Conflict and competitive interaction in social life b) Consensus and cooperative interaction in social life c) How society emerges from people’s use of shared symbols 67. Conflict theoretical analysis best involves the study of: a) Harmony, togetherness, and egalitarian societal interactions b) Inequality, power, and discordant societal interactions 68. Manifest functions best describe the: a) Recognized and intended consequences of social phenomena b) Unrecognized and unintended aspects of social phenomena 69. Verstehen is the German word for:

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a) “Deep misunderstanding” – Warning of the peril of subjectivity b) “Deep understanding” – Embracing recognized social subjectivity 70. Culture reflects material objects and nonmaterial ideas: a) That are made anew with each new generation b) That are socially transmitted from generation to generation 71. Structure best refers to: a) Nonrepetitive and singular episodes of behavior in social life b) Recurring patterns of behavior in social life 72. Power best refers to the ability: a) To bring about an intended outcome b) To bring about an unintended outcome 73. Inequality best refers to the: a) Harmonious and equal distribution of resources in society b) Systematic and unequal distribution of resources in society

74. Postmodernity is best associated with what historical era?: a) The Industrial Revolution b) The Information Revolution 75. Why is it difficult to summarize neatly what postmodernity will look like or what long-term impact it will have in society?: a) We are in the midst of this transition called postmodernity b) We have yet to enter the era of what is called postmodernity Learning Check 1 Short Essay Question (worth up to twenty-five points for the most complete original response): 76. How can sociology and the sociological perspective help us understand society and our place in it? NOTE: These responses require responses in the 'first-person' - meaning your personal viewpoint reflection below should reflect your personal experience rather than an official definition. Reflect in your response how a better understanding of society can or will assist you in your personal life, professional life, and your own life within wider society. You may respond within one paragraph or separately to each numbered point: NOTE: Please also post your response within the DISCUSSIONS tab of Canvas and review other students contributions for a ten-point bonus. 1. Response focused on your own life and family (worth up to eight points) 2. Response focused on your current and / or future career (worth up to eight points) 3. Response focused on your own life within society (worth up to nine points) Answer:

I think sociology and the sociological perspective can help us understand society and our place in it in many ways. My family is very versatile, and can adapt to many different cultures, beliefs, and types of different people. Since I was raised in such an adaptable environment, it helps me as a person fit into society in many aspects and in many ways. My current career is being a server. I am very social and outgoing. I enjoy talking with many different people with different perspectives, and I get to meet so many different types of people every day! Which can be exciting and also exhausting. My future career will mainly be involved with people who believe in being safe and taking precautions since I stride to be a health engineer. I do believe being safe and doing what is right, not convenient, is important. My own life within society consists of many things. It is hard to say where I fit in exactly, since I feel as though I fit in almost anywhere and everywhere! I am a very open minded individual, so therefore I surround myself with others similar to me. I guess I can say, I fit in society with other open minded individuals who are open to trying/doing anything! I am just excited to be existing in general.

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Sociology chap 1 study guide answers

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