Sociology chapt 2 study guide answers

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Delgado Community College *

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Sociology

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Feb 20, 2024

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1.Basic Research refers to the primary goal is to describe some aspect of society and advance our understanding of it. 2. Applied research refers to the primary goal is to directly address some problem or need. 3. Public sociology refers to the efforts to reach beyond an academic audience to make the results of sociological research, both basic and applied, known to the broader public, including the use of mass media. *4. The Scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the world based on empirical evidence. 5. Empirical evidence refers to evidence that can be observed or documented using the human senses. 6. Quantitative data are evidence that can be summarized numerically. 7. Variables are measures representing items that can change (or vary) and thus have different values. 8. Operationalize refers to defining the variables clearly so that they can be measured. 9. Independent variables are associated with and/or cause change in the value of the dependent variable.

10. Dependent variable change in response to the independent variable. 11. A Correlation is a relationship in which change in one variable is connected to change in another. 12. A hypothesis is a statement about the relationship between variables that is to be investigated. 13. Qualitative data refers to any kind of evidence that is not numerical in nature, including evidence gathered from interviews, direct observation, and written or visual documents. 14. Transparency refers to the requirement that researchers explain how they collected and analyzed their evidence and how they reached their conclusions. 15. Provisional knowledge refers to truth claims that are tentative and open to revision in the face of new evidence. 16. The Hawthorne effect refers to the tendency of humans to react differently than they otherwise would when they know they are in a study. *17. Social theory is a set of principles and propositions that explains the relationships among social phenomena. 18. Research methods are procedures for collecting and analyzing data.

19. Survey is a data collection technique that involves asking someone a series of questions. *20. Validity refers to a survey’s ability to successfully measure what researchers intend it to measure. *21. Reliability refers to a measure’s ability to yield consistent results over time. *22. Population refers to the target group that a researcher is interested in studying. 23. Sample is a part of the population that represents the whole. 24. In a Random sample every element of the population has an equal chance of being chosen. 25. To Generalize refers to describing patterns of behavior of a larger population, based on findings from a sample. *26. In a Convenience sample , researchers choose study participants based on the fact that it is convenient for the researcher. *27. In a Quota sample , the researcher tries to achieve a generalizable sample by making sure various groups within the target population are present in representative proportions.

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28. An Intensive interview is a data gathering technique that uses open-ended questions during somewhat lengthy face-to-face sessions. 29. Field research is a data collection technique in which the researcher systematically observes some aspect of social life in its natural setting. *30. Participant observation is a type of field research in which the researcher both observes and actively takes part in the setting or community being studied. *31. Primary research is a type of research in which data is created by the scientists themselves through direct observation or experiments. 32. Secondary data anyalysis is a type of research using data previously collected by other researchers. 33. Content analysis is a variety of techniques that enable researchers to systematically summarize and analyze the content of various forms of communication—written, spoken, or pictorial. *34. Case study analysis is defined as a thorough investigation of a single topic or event. 35. An Experiment is a data gathering technique in which the researcher manipulates an independent variable under controlled conditions to determine if change in an independent variable produces change in a dependent variable, thereby establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

36. Informed consent means that subjects in any study must know about the nature of the research project, any potential benefits or risks they may face, and that they have the right to stop participating at any time for any reason. 37. Positivist social science is an approach that assumes that the social world, like the natural world, is characterized by laws that can be identified through research and used to predict and control human affairs. 38. Value neutrality is the removal of any personal views from the research process. 39. Interpretive social science is an approach that focuses on understanding the meaning that people ascribe to their social world. *40. Verstehen is a German word meaning “to understand.” 41. Critical social science is research carried out explicitly to create knowledge that can be used to bring about social change. Eight (8) MULTIPLE-CHOICE Questions (correct responses are worth THREE points each): Questions 42-49 are multiple-choice: Designate your selection with a letter (e.g., A, B), highlight or CAPITALIZE your choice: 42. Evidence that can be observed or documented using the human senses, scientifically-gathered data, or experimentation is called: a) Common sense explanations

b) Empirical evidence 43. Evidence collected in kind rather than in number, with subjective results and often what is seen within a natural social setting is called: a) Qualitative data b) Quantitative data 44. Social science researchers being compelled into transparency : a) Can still avoid disclosing how they collect and analyze evidence b) Need to disclose how they collect and analyze their evidence 45. Truth claims that are tentative and open to revision in the face of new evidence exemplify the practice of social science based upon: a) Assured knowledge b ) Provisional knowledge 46. Sociologists studying social life: a) Can predict its status with the certainty of natural laws b) Cannot predict its status with the certainty of natural laws 47. Critical social science is a study approach of social life:

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a) That explicitly calls for knowledge creation for social change b) That the social world, like the natural world, is governed by laws c) That the meanings people ascribe to their social world matter 48. Interpretative social science is a study approach of social life : a) That explicitly calls for knowledge creation for social change b) That the social world, like the natural world, is governed by laws c) That the meanings people ascribe to their social world matter 49. Positivist social science is a study approach of social life : a) That explicitly calls for knowledge creation for social change b) That the social world, like the natural world, is governed by laws c) That the meanings people ascribe to their social world matter VIDEO and WEB SITE URL to assist in completion of all parts of Question 50 : You Tube [Video]: 2020 Census: What is the Census? Links to an external site. United States Census Bureau [URL]: US Census website Links to an external site. RESPONSE QUESTION 50 [in five short parts] (Correct responses are worth up to TWENTY-FIVE (25) points total / Five (5) points for each part) :  PART A: What is the U.S. Census?

 PART B: Why does the U.S. Constitution require such a population count?  PART C: How often does the U.S. Census occur?  PART D: In what year was the first U.S. Census conducted, and what does it specifically determine with regards to the U.S. House of Representatives?  PART E: What else is the U.S. Census used for? SHORT RESPONSE QUESTION 51 (Original first-person response is worth up to TEN (10) points for any answer given: A. The U.S. census is a head count of every person living in the united states. B. The U.S. constitution requires a population count to be sure the government represents the people. C. The census occurs every 10 years. D. The first census was conducted in the year 1790, and it determines the number of seats each state receives in the U.S. House of Representatives. E. We use the U.S. Census to determine representation, but leaders also use the data to make decisions. It will help inform decisions on how billions of dollars are allocated annually for critical public services, like roads, schools, hospitals, and healthcare clinics, fire and emergency response services, and hundreds of other programs. 51. In preparation for your enrollment in Delgado Community College, what research did you complete regarding your choice of this school and any eventual degree and / or vocational credential you hope to achieve? I enrolled at Delgado when I was quite young because I graduated early from high school. Despite not scoring very high on my ACTs, I noticed that many people I knew were choosing Delgado, so I followed suit. A few years later, I decided to re-enroll primarily due to the familiarity of the environment. When it came to deciding on my degree, I aspired to become a civil engineer. However, I discovered that Delgado didn't offer a program for civil engineering. Undeterred, I delved into LSU's engineering program, identified

the necessary classes, and took the initiative to enroll in transfer courses that I know LSU would accept. As I eagerly await for my GPA to reach a 2.5 again, I'm gearing up to make the transfer to LSU so I can pursue my dream of graduating as a civil engineer. The field of civil engineering presents incredible opportunities, especially in the realm of health engineering. Looking ahead, my aspiration is to earn my engineering degree and eventually become a health engineer for OSHA, contributing to the field and making a positive impact in the realm of occupational safety and health.

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