CJ 340 Module Five Journal

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Feb 20, 2024

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1 Module Five Journal Southern New Hampshire University CJ-340-R3041 Criminology 24EW3

2 Module Five Journal Culture can significantly influence and correlate to criminal behavior in various ways, such as the radicalization of a culture's norms, values, attitudes, and beliefs. Other ways in which culture can be intertwined with criminal behavior would be through sociological theories, such as cultural deviance, social disorganization, differential association, and cultural conflict theories (Adler et al., 2021). How are cultural values important in regard to delinquency and crime? Aside from sociological theories, cultural values play an integral role in contributing to delinquency and crime rates as they may share a relationship with socioeconomic class and culture conflict. For example, individuals who belong to a lower class may have a different set of values than individuals from a middle or upper-level socioeconomic class; thus, lower-class individuals who do not possess the means to achieve success may commit crimes when experiencing economic strain (Adler et al., 2021). Moreover, such dynamics can lead to cultural conflicts arising from disparate groups adopting deviant behavioral norms; thus, these alternative behavioral norms may ultimately clash with norms from the established middle-class. How do laws reflect cultural views and values: Lastly, laws can reflect cultural values and beliefs due to cultural patterns having the ability to shape the legal framework of the justice system through formal social control (Karstedt, 2001). Examples of these occurrences would be certain sanctions and decisions regarding criminalization based on the amount, type, and frequency of the crimes committed (i.e., house arrest, restitution, community service, incarceration, etc.) What is a subculture and what causes a subculture to emerge? A subculture refers to a subgroup existing within the broader dominant culture that can be characterized by its own unique set of norms, values, and beliefs (Adler et al., 2021). Typically, subcultures arise when individuals facing similar circumstances experience isolation from the

3 mainstream population or culture and unite to provide mutual support and solidarity. How is a subculture comparable to two countries with different criminal laws? A subculture can possess certain similarities between countries, such as violence, extremism, and gang-related activity. One way in particular that subcultures between two countries with different criminal laws can be comparable would be the biology and psychology of deviant behavior. For example, in both American and British theories of subculture, there is a notable connection between biology and psychology in defining deviant behavior (Blackman, 2013). However, the major differences between the two depend on the country's own set of norms, values, and practices that govern behavior. What are the significant differences? Most notably, the significant differences between the two lie in the divergent conceptualizations and applications of the term “subculture” itself. British theories in the 1920s associated subculture with abnormality, while the Chicago school emphasized the role of social factors shaping deviant behavior (Blackman, 2013). Thus, subcultures in Britain in the 1920s were subjected to harsher punishments and lacked the necessary due process rights when compared to subcultures in the United States. How do subcultural theories explain criminal behavior? Subcultural theories can explain criminal behavior when examined through a sociological lens and the development of an understanding of the underlying reasons why subcultures may commit criminal behavior. One theory worth examining on why and how subcultures may commit criminal behavior would be the subculture of violence theory, which posits that some subcultures may promote or glorify violence as a means of resolving conflicts or disputes (Adler et al., 2021). Another way that subcultural theories may explain criminal behavior would be by examining a subculture through the lens of the opportunity and differential opportunity theories. Both the opportunity and differential opportunity theories have one commonality, which is how a

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4 subculture's environment can provide opportunities to commit criminal behavior. However, when examining a subculture through the differential opportunity lens, subcultures who are economically disadvantaged and who resort to means of illegitimate success usually end up getting themselves involved in criminal activities as a means to cope with life's shortcomings (Adler et al., 2021). Overall, subcultures can explain criminal behavior when examined through the lenses of sociology and criminology to better understand why and how criminal behavior occurs, respectively.

5 References: Freda Adler, William Laufer, and Gerhard O. Mueller. (2021). Criminology, 10 th Edition. [[VitalSource Bookshelf version]]. Retrieved from: vbk://9781264169658. Karstedt. (2001). Comparing cultures, comparing crime: Challenges, prospects, and problems for global criminology . https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=1&sid=1a7fd595-e4e6-4064-b558-263e9a9fc9a9%40redis Blackman. (2013). Subculture Theory: An Historical and Contemporary Assessment of the Concept for Understanding Deviance . https://eds-p-ebscohost-com.ezproxy.snhu.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=40ab0ce8-bb58- 441b-b2f0-aa7cd6a22d6a%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ %3d%3d#AN=edshol.hein.journals.devbh35.40&db=edshol

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