Critique Assignment Part 2

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Critique Assignment Part 2 5 Sounding Like Your Race in the Employment Process: An Experiment on Speaker Voice, Race Identification, and Stereotyping Eric R Kushins Vincent Young Sociology 1010 November 7, 2023

Critique Assignment Part 2 5 This study is based around the racial stereotypes placed on speech ability. There have been prior studies on analyzing the social perception on Standard American English (SAE) and a linguistically different English used by Black Americans and acknowledged as Black Accented English (BAE). Within this study, the researchers aim to find any racial bias on identifying Asian American English. The participants in this study were 51 undergraduate students enrolled in a sociology course at a Northeastern U.S university (Kushins 2014). Although only 49 completed the study without error (Kushins 2014). The students volunteered to receive extra credit in their course for participation (Kushins 2014). Of the 51, 38 were aged between 18 to 23 and 5 were aged over 30. 28 of the students were male and in respect to their races, 23 were white, 14 were Asian, 7 were black and 4 were Hispanic. For the activity within the study, 3 speakers (all male) were selected to leave a callback message regarding a managerial position with the races of each speaker being white, black and Asian. The participants were told the voice was named Jason and were to guess the race of the speaker and describe the physical appearance within the first part. In the second part, they were to evaluate the employability of the candidate by answering questions based around whether the candidate seemed to be hardworking, considered for employment, maintained their appearance and their style of dress. In the third part, 2 headshots for each race were shown to the participants and they were asked to match the headshots with each voice. The researcher did not explicitly make a hypothesis prior to the study but did have a sense that Asian Americans would not be as recognizable due to the area the speakers were selected (New Jersey) and the population of the race in that part of the nation being relatively scarce as noted by Kushins in the article’s limitations listed. The results in part 1 showed above 75% of each race being mentioned and over 80% were correct in their guess on speakers being white and black but only being correct for the Asian speaker 14% of the time. In part 2, the

Critique Assignment Part 2 5 questions were presented with Likert scale options and collapsed to two categories to correct for violations of normality assumptions (Kushins 2014). For the categories of most effort in appearance, hardworking, and style of dress, the white and Asian races of the speakers were evaluated better by above 80% of the participants. On the other hand, the black speaker was evaluated no higher than 40% within these categories. The black speaker was even evaluated as considered for hire by less than 10% of the judges while on the contrary, the white and Asian speakers were considered for hire by more than 70%. As for the results in part 3, participants were 75% accurate in selecting a white headshot for the white speaker. Also, they were 85% and about 47% correct for the black and Asian speakers respectively. As noted in the discussion section of the article, “Perhaps more importantly , with severely limited information, individuals may evaluate listeners in stereotypical and discriminatory ways.” (Kushins 2014). This notion can be acknowledged by the accuracy in determining whether the speaker was black in part 1 and part 3 of the study in conjunction with the disapproval of employability in part 2. In relevance to sociology, this study corroborates the notion known as “Culture of Prejudice” that’s discussed in chapter 11 of the Introduction to Sociology 3e textbook. It also supports the conflict theory on race and ethnicity that also lies within this chapter.

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Critique Assignment Part 2 5 For analysis, this study contributes another mark in the history of racial relations. The results within the experiment not only shed light on the stereotypes associated with being black but also spark future conversation around the impact of prejudice on social stratification. Black people have been seen at a lower form from their socioeconomic status to their high rates of incarceration and unemployment in relativity to their other racial counterparts (Pettit and Western 2004) (Kao and Thompson 2003). In conjunction with this inclination the results showed that between BAE and SAE, it was rather difficult to determine if the Asian American would be considered to speak English of their own accent. In part 1, it could be concluded that the Asian American speaker was more often deemed white (Kushins 2014). In agreement with Kushins, the social segregation of black Americans and the integration of Asian Americans with white Americans plays a major part in the common linguistic nature of the two latter races. To the public, this should be analyzed deeper in hopes of removing the culture of prejudice not only to black Americans but to also races of other people such as honorary whites (e.g., Chinese Americans and Korean Americans) and collective blacks (e.g., Afro-Latinos, Vietnamese Americans) (Kushins 2014). As a young black college student, this study is disheartening as the participants were my age at the time of this experiment. This forces me to understand that even after a simple 10 second voicemail, I can not only be perceived as black based on how I speak, but be thought of as lesser in the workplace.

Critique Assignment Part 2 5 References Conerly, Tonya R., Kathleen Holmes, Asha Lal Tamang. 2021. Introduction to Sociology 3e. Houston, TX: OpenStax Pettit, B., & Western, B. (2004). Mass imprisonment and the life course: Race and class inequality in US incarceration. American Sociological Review, 69(2), 151–169 Kao, G., & Thompson, J. S. (2003). Racial and ethnic stratification in educational achievement and attachment. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 417–442. Kushins, Eric R. 2014. "Sounding Like Your Race in the Employment Process: An Experiment on Speaker Voice, Race Identification, and Stereotyping." Race and Social Problems 6(3):237-248 (https://pgcc.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/scholarly- journals/sounding-like-your-race-employment-process/docview/1554151348/se-2). doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-014-9123-4 .

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