CJ 340 Module Six Assignment

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1 Module Six Assignment Southern New Hampshire University CJ-340-R3041 Criminology 24EW3

2 Module Six Assignment Culture is defined as a subset of unique and individualized sets of emotions, structured thinking methods, and various other humanisms that are attained and passed down predominantly through symbols and expressed through human behavior (The Concept of Culture, n.d.). In general, culture can significantly influence human behavior through various means. For instance, engaging in religious practices like attending prayer gatherings to express one’s beliefs exemplifies how culture can ultimately shape human conduct. However, when examined through the lens of criminology, other ways culture can influence human behavior would be through certain criminalistic expressions, such as the glorification of violence, gang activities, and unconventional norms and values that are adopted (Adler et al., 2021). What is the correlation between deviance and culture? However, it is important to note that a positive correlation between culture and deviance exists in the world of criminology. One way that this correlation can be identified would be through the application of certain criminological theories. For example, the social disorganization theory posits that a lack of informal social control can lead to deviant behaviors (Adler et al., 2021). Additionally, other ways that the relationship between culture and deviance can be explained and identified would be through theories of differential association and anomie. When combined, both the differential association theory and the anomie theory (also known as the strain theory) converge in their recognition of the complex interplay between learned cultural norms, societal structures, individual behavior, and individual reactions to structural and societal strains in shaping patterns of deviance. How do culture and geographical location influence whether certain acts are deemed violations of the law? In terms of location and legislation, certain geographical locations and legal frameworks can dictate whether certain cultural practices contribute to legal

3 violations. Moreover, when applied in theory, the culture conflict theory may best exemplify and capture how cultural practices may contribute to legal violations. In short, the culture conflict theory posits that one culture's conduct norms may significantly be at odds with the conduct norms of a different culture, society, or group of people (Adler et al., 2021). When applied in factuality, an example of how a culture’s conduct norms can significantly conflict with the norms of society would be the movement, MOVE. MOVE consisted of an African American group who armed themselves in the name of police brutality, resulting in the killing of a police officer and acts of violence. Other ways in which a group's conduct norms can violate the law would be certain policies that govern firearms, and those policies conflicting with the conduct norms of an individual. For instance, in the state of California, altering a handgun, including its upper receiver, is prohibited by law, specifically violating Penal Code Section 30515, subdivision (a) (1) (State of California Department of Justice, n.d.). Therefore, pro-gun owners or gun enthusiasts who actively express their Second Amendment right to bear arms may find themselves at odds with the culture of the State of California. What are the advantages of applying theory to explain behaviors? Some of the advantages of applying theory to explain criminal behavior include crime prevention strategies and predictive policing. For example, the rational-choice theory, which argues that individuals make decisions to engage in criminal behavior based on rational calculations of the potential costs and benefits associated with their actions, has proven to be an instrumental tool for law enforcement in situational crime prevention (Adler et al., 2021). By using the rational-choice theory to explain criminal behavior, law enforcement professionals are better equipped to determine when, where, how, and why a crime will happen. What are the disadvantages of making broad generalizations? Furthermore, some disadvantages of making broad

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4 generalizations include oversimplification, inaccurate assumptions, and not fully accounting for cultural and contextual variabilities. For example, situational crime prevention theory treats the symptoms of crimes rather than their causes; therefore, situational crime prevention may fail to capture the variabilities of how and why a culture may commit certain crimes due to underlying circumstances (i.e., structural strain) (Adler et al., 2021). Moreover, certain criminological theories, such as the radical criminology theory, may argue that capitalism, social control, and people in power create disparities and criminal offenders; thus, creating an oversimplification of the justice system and society as a whole, respectively.

5 References: The Concept of Culture. (N.d.). https://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/48150_ch_1.pdf Freda Adler, William Laufer, and Gerhard O. Mueller. (2021). Criminology, 10 th Edition. [[VitalSource Bookshelf version]]. Retrieved from: vbk://9781264169658. State of California Department of Justice. (N.d.). Handguns Certified for Sale . https://oag.ca.gov/firearms/certified-handguns/search

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