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Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations Isai Hosana Ake Alvernia University CJ422: Crisis Management

Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations 2 Abstract Hostage situations have been a popular tactic by hostage takers to secure concessions from individuals, organizations and governments. Although, individuals’ resilience have been tested over the years in hostage situations, there have been lasting effects on victims, especially children. There is variation in the ways individuals cope with the experience of being hostages during and after the incidence. History has shown that hostage situations have existed for a long time, but recent events have called for a systematic approach towards understanding its menace and effects on victims and their families. Keywords : Hostage, Barricaded, Prison, Correctional Facility.

Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations 3 Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations Hostage situations have been a popular tactic by hostage takers to secure concessions from individuals, organizations and governments (Alexander & Klein, 2010). Although, individuals’ resilience have been tested over the years in hostage situations, there have been lasting effects on victims, especially children. There is variation in the ways individuals cope with the experience of being hostages during and after the incidence. History has shown that hostage situations have existed for a long time (Alexander & Klein, 2010), but recent events have called for a systematic approach towards understanding its menace and effects on victims and their families. There has been a long history of taking people hostage as a means of obtaining concessions from individuals, organizations, and governments. Hostage taking was common among the Ancient Romans who “took hostage, for example, the sons of princes as a means of guaranteeing subservience and fulfilment of obligations of their conquered regions” (Alexander & Klein, 2010). In those days, hostage taking situations were accompanied with commensurate ransom payments. Recent hostage situations, however, are accompanied by various motives. Prisoners in correctional facilities often take hostages to enforce reforms in government policies regarding prisoners’ welfare, or according to Alexander & Klein (2010), “in an effort to highlight some perceived grievances and/or to obtain a change in their circumstances.” Hostage situation may occur when criminals abduct individuals to facilitate their escape from apprehension by law enforcement agents. It should be noted that prison-inspired hostage-taking situations may be different from others. Hostage-taking by prisoners tends to involve potentially explosive, tragic, and perilous

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Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations 4 events from beginning to end. Media involvement is nearly always a deliberately manufactured feature of such events. In correctional facilities’ hostage-taking situations, the hostages are directly used as human shields and in great peril, and until they are released safely into the hands of law enforcement authorities, their safety is continuously in jeopardy (Peak et al, 2008). According to a study by Peak et al, (2008), “some inmate-involved riots and hostage situations come as a complete surprise, whereas others flow from a precipitating event or some type of “spark.”” The situations can involve prisoners, visitors, or employees of the correctional facilities often held against their will in a barricaded area to enforce reforms in government policies regarding prisoners’ welfare, to seek escape, or gain concession. Corrections hostage-taking events can involve any individuals – employees, visitors, or prisoners – held against their will by an inmate seeking to escape, gain concessions, or achieve other goals, such as publicizing a particular cause. Unlike in other hostage situations in the outside world, hostage situations in the prisons often have a history of weird and violent demands. These demands are so precarious that the hostage-takers are generally willing to eliminate their captives if their demands take too long or are not likely to be met. They are often willing to prey on the emotions of their captives despite fully understanding them, yet remorselessly unfeeling and ready to drive home their demands no matter how extreme. According Peak et al, (2008), “they will terrorize one minute and act friendly the next in their effort to control the situation.” Both the prison authorities and the captives know that prison hostage-takers are ruthlessly efficient at controlling the situations and seamlessly switching between their ability to maim and to be friendly at the same time.

Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations 5 The correctional facility setting is always a volatile environment. Hostage situations and riots are often anticipated so much that it becomes a great concern for the most safety-conscious correctional facility manager. That the riots and hostage situations can happen anytime makes it an absolute nightmare for correctional facility authorities to anticipate. In barricaded hostage situations inn prisons, the hostages can be in larger number compared to hostage situations outside correctional facilities. However, hostage situations in the outside world require only a brief initial period of exposure to danger at any time during the event, of which its failure can lead to the death of the hostage with the hostage taker likely successfully escaping. The success of a hostage situation outside the wall of a correctional facility is much less likely to be violent and may not involve many hostages, which ultimately guarantees the safety of the captives (Emmen, 2014). Hostage situations in the outside world is not easily predictable as the captive are either freed or killed to facilitate escape if the demands of the captors are not met. Hostage situations in the outside world is mostly characterized by a longer negotiation time with captors often holding out longer to make their demands met, unlike barricaded hostage situations where the longest hostage situation is measured in hours. Detection in hostage situations in the outside world may be more difficult especially in a remote well – concealed area. The abductors may succeed in escaping if they have good logistic systems, a situation which is not feasible in a barricaded area.

Differences Between Prison Hostages and other Hostage Crisis Situations 6 References Alexander, D. A., & Klein, S. (2010). Hostage-taking: motives, resolution, coping and effects. Advances in psychiatric treatment, 16(3), 176-183. Emmen, S. (2014). Psychosocial and Legal Perspectives on Terroristic Hostage-Takings Situations and Payment of Ransoms. Peak, K. J., Radli, E., Pearson, C., & Balaam, D. (2008). Hostage Situations in Detention Settings: Planning and Tactical Considerations. FBI L. Enforcement Bull., 77, 1.

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