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What were some steps the authors take to address ethical concerns related to the vignette-based approach to the upcoming chapters? Forward and Introduction They obtained permission from the respondents to include their stories, and took extra care in how their stories were represented. They also chose to omit any personal or identifying information, unless specifically asked otherwise, to protect the identities of the respondents, specially the younger ones. Forward and Introduction 2. Why is it important to write these portraits about youths from the entire spectrum of the Global North to the Global South? What can we learn about marginalization? It is important to write these portraits from the entire spectrum because, as we perceive the world through the "western lens", there are many parts of youth in poorer countries that we are not familiar with, and we can give them a grander voice. Focusing on marginalization allows us to see how there are social aspects that impact the rest of the world, especially those in marginalized communities. When it comes to marginalization, there is always another side when it comes to media, and by giving the other side a voice, we avoid the "single story" we're more familiar with. Brainpower Read More Forward and Introduction 3. What is “youth?” Is it simply a reflection of a biological quality of “being young?” Is the meaning of “youth” the same across cultures, and can it change over time? Why? To start off, “youth” is not the same across all cultures, and “youth” as a concept has drastically changed over time, mostly due to modern media and governments. Youth, for many, is seen as the gap between

childhood and adulthood, but in a lot of countries, it is seen as a “before work” stage of life. From this, there are sometimes no determinations of a biological quality of “being young” as young children from some countries, as soon as they can walk, are required to work and earn money. Youth can be described as an experience in life, an experience some are unfortunately robbed of having because of the environment around them, in terms of government, socio-economic status, and power structure. The definition of youth changes over time, just as social, governmental, and cultural shifts occur, and is incredibly subjective. The youth represents the next generation, those who will take over when the previous generation steps aside. That group has to shift and change as the environment around them does in order to stay afloat. Forward and Introduction 4. What is the author’s criticism of the 2007 World Bank Report’s depiction of global youth? (Page 7) The author criticizes the 2007 World Bank Report's description of global youth because the report seems to put down young people and blame young people for their bad spending habits and questions their responsibility in terms of themselves and their futures. The Report also tells us that they blame youth in the global south as they are also the reason for their suffering of poverty, deprivation, and powerlessness. This volume also does not entail how there are multiple power issues and inequality that unfortunately impact these children as well. Forward and Introduction 5. What do the authors mean by “post-modern” political action often highlighted in the chapters to come? The authors mean by "post-modern" political action they are meaning that the youth of today are protesting cultural norms, such as class or gender. There are many inspirational youths inside the chapters that are impacting the time of tomorrow as today is the "modern age." The age after this would be the "post modern" and here youth are fighting for change. This change comes in many different forms, but mostly equality for all classes and genders, for understanding of all sexualties, and accepting of all disabilities.

Blacc- All My Life, I’ve Bounced Around 1. What were the events that led to Blacc becoming a “street youth?” Blacc started hanging out with the wrong group of friends, they told him it was important to learn how to fight and defend himself so he took advantage of the new skill and started getting into fights at school. As he got older he wasn't living up to his set lifestyle and was constantly getting into fights with his adoptive parents about his future as he was unemployed, one final fight led him to getting kicked out of the house permanently. Blacc- All My Life, I’ve Bounced Around 2. How did shelters change in the US in the 1990s as a result of neoliberalization? The wave of neoliberalization in the US saw a shift in homeless shelters, going from, "larger, warehouse- like, city-run shelters to smaller, privately owned shelters and transitional living centers." These newer shelters tended to focus on one to two primary issues, like drug use or mental health, which left people like Blacc in the wind. Blacc- All My Life, I’ve Bounced Around 3. The author makes a poignant statement at the end of the chapter: that “the strengths that are rewarded on the street are rarely the qualities rewarded in the shelter system.” What did the author mean by this? How does this relate to Blacc’s story? Blacc learned a lot of survival strategies on the streets, which was good for his survival but bad for his world experience and living a better life. You cannot bring street life into the shelters, the shelters are your only home and to disrespect your chance of having a roof over your head is regretful. Blacc was

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getting kicked out of shelters, fighting with other homeless people and also one of the volunteer workers in the shelters which left Blacc sleeping outside on the streets or on trains. Chapter 4: Vusi Majola- Walking Until the Shoes Is Finished 1. Why did Vusi (and others in the author’s broader study) photograph bridges? What do bridges represent in Vusi’s story and why? The photographs of bridges represent vulnerability. The photograph of the bridge is used to illustrate the time he got mugged and the suffering/trauma that came along with it. One of his friends was brutally murdered during a mugging situation and this left him forever scarred. Chapter 4: Vusi Majola- Walking Until the Shoes Is Finished 2. Why does Vusi not want to get married yet? Why is his behavior with respect to personal and sexual relationships with women ironic? Vusi shared that he did not want to get married yet because he likes the independence he has, and is free "from the curtailment presented by a wife." This behavior is also ironic because he has many girlfriends, and many that he loves deeply. He also has a daughter with one of his girlfriends. He also pushed his thinking forward as he said he has many sexual relationships with many women, the only ones he did not sleep with were the ones he had when he was a child. Chapter 4: Vusi Majola- Walking Until the Shoes Is Finished 3. Describe the tension between youth and adulthood in both Vusi’s and Blacc’s experience. How does it affect Vusi’s attitude toward responsibility and Blacc’s experience in the streets? (This question may require more than just two sentences)

Youth and adulthood for both men are seen as different. For Vusi, his youth is seen as freedom. He gets to have many girlfriends, many sexual relationships, and only be concerned with himself and his friends. His attitude towards responsibility is also with adulthood, and is seen as looking out for himself and what his self-interests are in terms of government and soon marriage. Blacc's experience with youth and adulthood is seen as being able to have outlets for shelter, food, and opportunity. Blacc's youth gave him more opportunities for good youth shelters, more flexibility with finding friends, and more opportunities to better his life. In adulthood, he is faced with more challenges as he is in the masses with people who take advantage of kindnesses and more opportunities are not available because of the mistakes of others. Chapter 7: Sven- Politics, Lifestyle, and Identity How did the end of state-socialism in 1989 affect life in general and the education system that Sven finds himself in? Describe the structure of education for youth in Sven’s context. The post-state-socialism era in 1989 was known as the Peaceful Revolution, and saw shifts in areas such as political opinion, religion, and travel that led to a number of different lifestyles and “a move toward more varied, global youth cultures.” The education system was radically overhauled, switching from a system that gave students equal opportunities across the board to a system that divides students very early on and places them in a tiered system. Students and their families would choose between two different senior high schools, a lower- to intermediate-level school called Realschule or a higher-level school called Gymnasium. Realschule schools grade by student ability, allowing them to either receive a certificate and enter the workforce or continue in school to qualify for university-level courses, while the Gymnasium allows easier access to those university-level courses due to being higher-level. While there is possible room to move between schools, the original choice is what mainly determines a student’s future, and that “choice” is primarily due to a student’s social background. Chapter 7: Sven- Politics, Lifestyle, and Identity How does Sven see the link between employment and gender? What does he seek as his long-term life goals, and how does he feel about his job prospects? Why?

He says that women should do something more feminine, not necessarily stay in the kitchen while men on the other hand should be doing a manly sport like "boxing or football." Men should be the ones making the money and providing for their family. He wants a steady relationship, to own a house, have enough money to live comfortably, and have children. His dream job is becoming a star, his realistic job is being a chef, and a job he would hate to do is being a cleaner or a rubbish collector ( he considers the jobs he would never do as devalued jobs). Chapter 7: Sven- Politics, Lifestyle, and Identity Why does Sven like hip-hop? How does it relate to his worldview and sense of self? Sven liked hip-hop because with being hip-hop, it was taking a stand against racist political views. The racist political views could be hating immigrants or foreigners. This helps back up his worldview as he sees that every person is human and where people come from does not matter. It is the person on the inside that counts, and as a hip-hopper he can express how he would never beat up a person and he would help others in need. For his sense of self, he is able to feel like he is in the "in-crowd" and be able to be in a safe middle ground as a youth and still be able to send a message and act on how he is being fair to everyone. Chapter 9: Zilho- Displacement and Return in Bosnia-Herzegovina Zilho’s career goal after returning to his hometown was to use his English skills to work for one of the many international and non-governmental organizations that were there after the war ended. Why did he struggle to get a job at first, and why was he frustrated about who was getting jobs in these organizations? At first he struggled because he felt as if the jobs were predominantly taken by those who lived in the town and due to the ethnic geography of the Brcko District, the primarily recruited Serbs. He was frustrated because international organizations started populating the most popular places in Bosnia, therefore Serbs had the chance to find a job in international organizations. Chapter 9: Zilho- Displacement and Return in Bosnia-Herzegovina

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Nationalism is the belief that political boundaries should correspond with cultural or ethnic boundaries. Nationalism was a key part of the war in Yugoslavia, of which Bosnia was a part. How does Zilho view nationalism and nationalist violence? How have nationalist divisions affected everyday interactions in his community compared to when he was growing up before the war? (pg. 120) He thinks of nationalism and nationalist violence as an irrational act. Nationalists are a very small community, but they are causing many problems for everyone. Nationalism is causing violence to people across the board and they are taking trusting kids and turning them into political weapons. These kids have no idea what they are doing, and they are causing fear and anxiety among the people. This type of nationalism was more prevalent earlier, but now it has leveled out and there is less and less influence in the city. This is because people in the past were not realizing that violence could not go on forever, at some point, everyone would need to live with each other again and be in harmony. Now, many people who have committed bad acts in the past have moved on because they lived in fear that what they did in the past would catch up with them and they would have to deal with the consequences, with other people coming after them. Chapter 10: Mohammed- “Rocks” The author talks a lot about the importance of patronage networks or patron-client relationships in Sierra Leone and elsewhere in West Africa. What do these things mean, and how does this social structure relate to the meaning of youth and adulthood in Sierra Leone? Patronage networks are the thought someone older gives to the younger and the younger works for the older. These networks are used to help bridge the links between the different levels in men's lives. This definition helps relate to the meaning of youth in how young men are able to transition to adulthood when they reach the different levels. This is thought of to be a smooth life path that entails formal marriage, establing a farm and a household. Young men were required to go through a series of events marking their progress, as well as "secret societies", and these achievements are seen by their elders, whom they owe their life and wealth to. Thus, helping young men be able to go into adulthood and become a patron themselves. This cycle will continue and help enforce how men can't become a patron until they reach all levels of a man's life and help the next generation. Chapter 10: Mohammed- “Rocks”

How did the civil war in Sierra Leone create a chance for young men to “break the perceived stranglehold their elders maintained on… adult manhood?” Did this actually happen in practice? He thought that the war gave an escape route for teens that had an explosive relationship with their relatives, and had a chance to redeem their name and themselves to their families, and break the stranglehold their elders had on their wealth, prestige and get clients and jobs through this. This did not happen in practice, and the war was just a very violent instability of patronage instead of a positive shift in nature as they had expected. Chapter 10: Mohammed- “Rocks” How did Mohammed come to be under the command of C.O. Bobby? Why did he transition to fight under Junior? Mohammed came to be under the command of C.O. Bobby because Bobby agreed to "stand for" him when Mohammed was sentenced to death. Since Bobby stood in for him, Mohammed was bound to him as a patron and Bobby was his commander. Mohammed then later transitioned to the leadership of Junior as Bobby was severely injured and could no longer lead his troop. This was an amicable term for Bobby and Mohammed. This is what also led Mohammed to Junior as Bobby was in the same hospital as Junior. Junior was there as a failed assassination attempt threatened to take his life. Mohammed was not ready for himself to go back to his own village, and so began to help in caring for Junior. Junior gave his support to Mohammed and gave him a weapon and food for him to fight, and so Mohammed would work for Junior. Chapter 10: Mohammed- “Rocks” Why was Mohammed staying in the city of Freetown? What was he doing and why did he not go back to his old village? (There are multiple reasons, so be thorough in this answer). He was tired of fighting and if he saw that junior left he would follow. With Mohammed staying in freetown it grants him protection and gives him opportunities he would not have if he leaves. He would soon join the rebels across the border. After the previous year from the SLPP, Mohammed knew he

wouldn't be able to vote for them in the next election. His old village gave nothing he could have in the freetown, No protection and no opportunities. Chapter 12: Nala What is the meaning of Youth and Adulthood in Maasai culture? Why is Nala considered a youth? The meaning of Youth in the Maasai culture is simply having the social connections to draw upon. This lack of experience and limited social network shows when there are moments of conflict or when negotiation and compromise is needed. When you are an adult or elder in this culture, you are able to control the household and the decisions with livestock and marriage. These social and political alliances are vital when you are speaking on part of your community. Nala is still considered a Youth in this society because her experiences and story are based and represented by those before her. Those before her have shaped her personal, cultural, and political struggles as a youth, and thus still have her labeled as a young person, not an adult. Chapter 12: Nala Why did Nala want to put off marriage, and what steps did she take to do so given the cultural constraints placed on her? Nala wanted to postpone her marriage because she wanted to focus on school and go to secondary school. She talked with Davis about their future and later asked Davis to go tell her father on why she should be let out of this marriage and follow an educational lifestyle. At first her father didn't approve so later on Nala ran off in the middle of the night for a women's rights and journalism conference. Once her father was informed that they ran away, he called off the marriage. Chapter 12: Nala What were the main focuses of Nala’s work in various non-governmental organizations (NGOs)? What were her frustrations when working as part of IPT?

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The main focuses of Nala's work was with advocating on women's issues; girls' rights to education, ways to protect those who defied family wishes (going to school instead of an arranged marriage), FGM, etc. Nala's frustration with IPT came about when she noticed how Maasai's gender roles and social hierarchies were apparent within IPT's own work. She tried advocating for girls' rights to go to school, but was pushed aside as IPT deferred to the male-dominated state of traditional authority. Chapter 12: Nala What are two major challenges Nala faces as the leader of a local NGO that connects with international NGOs? What were the stories Nala provided that represented these challenges? Two major challenges Nala faces as the leader of a local NGO is when problems with selling cultural pictures and the question of money came into play. Nala was visiting the United States and she was meeting with Michael from the AIA. Michael shared how wonderful it was in the money they raised when auctioning the photos taken during a Maasai coming-of-age ceremony the earlier year. This was horrifying for Nala as this ceremony is very spiritual and sacred. The people who came to this ceremony came with trust knowing what happened here wouldn't be used for other purposes, and Nala felt like she had betrayed their trust and ethical questions over using photos without permission of the people who had their photos taken. The second major challenge Nala faced as leader was the HIV/AIDs campaign and education and training. The MWF was hoping to gain the recognition of how their organization can go into communities and create social change. From this, they offered Nala very much money so they could put their label on it. This is why Nala did not take the money. She did not have any experts in that field and she felt like there is much more important work central to her organization she can focus on. This campaign would jeopardize that when they can be educating girls and helping them get out of bad situations and helping them to gain the courage to stand up and break the mold that has been bestowed on them. Chapter 12: Nala What is women’s empowerment in Nala’s view? Drawing on the themes in this chapter, what do you believe are the main hurdles Nala faces in her efforts to promote the empowerment of Maasai women in her work? pg. 156 on

Women’s empowerment, from Nala’s perspective, is women who can challenge the norm. To quote from the chapter, “They need to be educated to understand the world and they need to be educated to challenge the assumptions within the community…” Along with that, she believes proper education for women can aid in their capacity to negotiate and critique the male-dominating patriarchy. This could raise some difficult problems, especially in the area she specializes in: Maasai women. Issues like tearing down practices of FGM come up as FGM is a very old and long-standing tradition in African countries, and things like that aren’t torn down easily. This isn’t often understood by donors who are strongly pushing for that advocacy, as Nala has a lot of other issues in mind and that advocacy cannot produce immediate results. **

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