short answer practice questions (1)

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Nov 24, 2024

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1. Imagine that you are a researcher interested in gathering data about students’ consumption of ‘junk food’ (e.g., chips, pretzels, chocolate bars). You’re specifically interested establishing the percentage of students who report eating some type of junk food every day. If you were to do such a project, what type of research method would you be using? (1 mark) I will prefer to use qualitative method to gather the data of students who eat junk food. Now imagine that in addition to answering that question, you were also interested in the relationship (correlation) between students’ consumption of junk food and how often they engage in physical exercise. You compute a correlation coefficient to assess this relationship. a. Name the two parts of a correlation coefficient (1 mark). b. What does each one provides information about (2 marks)? c. Would you expect this correlation to be positive, negative, or something very close to zero (1 mark)? You should be able to justify your answer (1 mark). d. Why do researchers care about correlations between variables (1 mark)? e. Could you make a causal claim based on these correlational data? (1 mark) 2. Here’s a short paragraph taken directly from a recently published article: To find out how companion dogs react to more routine punishments, scientists led by Ana Catarina Vieira de Castro at the University of Porto in Portugal recruited 42 dogs from reward-based training schools, which use food or play to encourage good behaviors. The team also enlisted 50 dogs from aversive-based programs, which use negative reinforcement like yelling and leash jerking to train dogs, or even pressuring their rumps to get them to sit. a. What type of learning is being investigated in this study (be specific) (1 mark)? How do you know (1 mark)? b. If you read that paragraph closely, you’ll see that there was a

significant mistake in the article. Based on what you know about the type of learning you identified in part (a) above, you should be able to spot the error in the paragraph written by the reporter. In a sentence or two, clearly explain the error (1 mark), why it is an error (1 mark), and how it should be corrected (be very specific). (1 mark) c. What type of research method was used in this study? (1 mark) How do you know? (1 mark) 3. Using the Modal Model of Memory, name the specific type of memory most likely to be involved in each of the following everyday tasks? (1 mark for each) a. Aisha knows how to brush her teeth. b. Twenty-year-old Jake can tell you that the four seasons are winter, spring, summer, and fall. c. Jin remembers seeing the demonstration related to priming in a PSYC 1F90 lecture. d. Akif is working out the solution to a complex math problem. 4. In their book The Invisible Gorilla , Dan Simons and Chris Chabris describe a tragedy in which an American nuclear submarine surfaced at high speed just off the coast of Hawaii. Just as the bow of the sub reached the surface of the water, the crew heard a loud noise and felt the submarine shake. As it turned out, the submarine had sliced the hull of a Japanese fishing boat in half with its rudder. Nine people on the boat died. The sub was equipped with state-of-the-art equipment, and both the commander and the officer of the deck looked through the periscope to the surface of the water before ordering the sub to rise. There is no question that they both looked right toward the fishing vessel, and yet they both failed to see it. a. This story describes an event that is similar to the ‘invisible gorilla’ study that we discussed in class. What is the name that Simons and Chabris gave to describe the phenomenon in which selective attention results in people looking at something without ‘seeing’ (that is, perceiving) it? (1 mark) b. What are the two conditions under which people are most likely to experience this phenomenon? (2 marks) 5. As children move toward school age, they develop a theory of mind . a. What does this term refer to? (1 mark) This refers to the development of understanding of self and others.

b. What type of test would a psychologist use to determine whether a child had developed a “theory of mind” (1 mark)? c. What is the central question being addressed in such a test (1 mark)?

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