Fall 2023 Study Guide # 1 ECED 105 PCD - Tagged

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ECED-104

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Dec 6, 2023

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Principles of Child Development ECED 105C Kunhee Lee Study Guide # 1 Chapter 1 *Multiple Choice 1. _____________ includes the influence of what we bring to development as a result of our genetic inheritance. A) Nurture B) Nature C) Qualitative change D) Quantitative change 2. _____________ includes the experiences we have and the learning that occurs as we move through development. A) Nurture B) Nature C) Qualitative change D) Quantitative change 3. The quality of the caregiving that you received while growing up is an example of __________ and your potential ability to learn how to use language is an example of __________. A) nature; nature B) nurture; nurture C) nature; nurture D) nurture; nature 4. The physical, cognitive and social-emotional domains of development A) continually interact with each other so that development in one domain impacts and influences development in the other domains. B) develop in ways that are largely independent of each other. C) are linked together in such a way that advances in one domain hold back development in other domains. D) are so co-mingled that we cannot talk about development in the different domains separately. 5. The theory of behaviorism views the child as A) an active explorer of the environment who creates his or her own understanding of the world. B) a passive recipient of the attempts of others to control the child's behavior. C) an active participant in the process of producing his or her own development.

D) a force that actively shapes the behavior of the adults in the child's life. 6. The Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky described learning as A) a collaborative process between the child and more experienced adults or peers. B) something that others impose upon the child through the use of rewards and punishments. C) the optimal fit between the characteristics of the child and the demands of the environment. D) a child-directed process that is motivated by the child's internal drives. 7. You can have confidence in information that you find in scientific journals because A) all of the information is new. B) a lot of people believe the information. C) articles typically go through a peer review process before they are published. D) the people who write scientific articles have university degrees. 8. The importance of the peer review process is that A) everyone has an equal chance of getting their research published in a journal. B) the research has been reviewed by professionals who are knowledgeable about the topic before the research is published. C) research findings are published in multiple journals so that the results are widely disseminated. D) only well-established ideas will appear in the research literature. 9. You can become a critical thinker about research in child development if you A) seek out divergent opinions from credible sources on topics that interest you. B) rely upon your own life experiences because they are your best source of information. C) reject ideas that are new or different from the way we have thought about a topic in the past. D) agree with what most people think about a topic. 10. We tend to notice things that we expect to see and to disregard things that we aren't expecting. This tendency is called A) a generalization fallacy. B) a perceptual bias. C) niche picking. D) sample bias/observer bias *True or False 11. The ability of four-year-old children to resist temptation when they are tempted to eat a marshmallow is related to their self-control when they are adolescents. ______ 12. Changes in the way that we think, understand and reason about the world is the domain of social-emotional development. ______ True False

13. Physical characteristics such as height or eye color are largely determined by the genes we inherit from our parents. ______ 14. It is appropriate to generalize results from one study to other populations similar to the sample used in it. ______ 15. Understanding child development helps parents provide an appropriate amount and type of stimulation to support their children’s development. _____ Chapter 2 *Multiple Choices 1. A basic set of principles that help us organize our observations in order to understand and predict human development is called a(n) A) hypothesis. B) operationalization. C) theory. D) dynamic system. 2. Freud believed that the key to healthy psychological functioning involved A) children directly confronting their parents about their perceived mistreatment while they were young. B) releasing inhibitions and given free reign to the demands of the id. C) uncovering the thoughts in the unconscious mind that were associated with the psychological symptoms of the person’s problem. D) slowly being desensitized to stimuli that are provoking anxiety. 3. The psychoanalytic technique of free association is intended to A) uncover thoughts that are in the unconscious mind. B) repress thoughts that create anxiety and stress for the person. C) engage the reality principle so people can deal with their problems. D) move people through the psychosexual stages of development. 4. In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the basic drives, such as sex and hunger, are contained in the A) id. B) ego. C) unconscious. D) superego. 5. The part of the personality in Freudian psychoanalytic theory that negotiates between the demands of the real world and the drive to satisfy basic drives is the A) id. True True True

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B) ego. C) superego. D) latency principle. 6. The superego is the part of the personality that A) contains the basic biological drives, such as sex and hunger. B) deal with the demands of the real world and the demands of the id. C) constitutes the conscience or sense of right and wrong. D) contains the growing sense of autonomy as the child develops. 7. Freud would say that an adult who smokes heavily or one who constantly bites her nails A) is trying to repress her aggressive urges. B) is fixated at the oral stages because these needs were not met in infancy. C) has not resolved his or her issues with the same-sex parent. D) is stuck in the latency stage of development. 8. According to Freud, boys and girls develop what has been called “the family romance” during the ____________ stage of development. A) anal B) phallic C) latency D) genital 9. The driving force for development in Erik Erikson's theory is the A) use of rewards and punishment to shape the child's behavior. B) need to understand and make sense of the child's experiences. C) social experiences that are typical at each stage of development. D) need to adapt to the changing demands of the environment. 10. In Erikson's psychosocial theory, the developmental challenge of infancy is the issue of A) initiative versus guilt. B) trust versus mistrust. C) autonomy versus shame. D) intimacy versus isolation. 11. Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory would suggest that the best way to help toddlers develop a sense of autonomy would be to A) be patient and allow the child to do things on her own, even if she struggles a bit. B) allow the child to make his own decisions about what he wants to eat and when he wants to eat it. C) let the child learn by watching other children of her own age, rather than getting help from an adult. D) hold very high standards for the child and be critical of the child’s performance when the child doesn’t meet your expectations. 12. Watson believed that our personality, abilities and other qualities are primarily determined by A) biological maturation. B) neural impulses.

C) the environment. D) internal drives. 13. In the process of classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is a stimulus that A) naturally evokes an unconditioned response. B) provokes a conditioned response. C) that has no meaning before the process begins. D) is quickly extinguished once the conditioning stops. 14. John Watson classically conditioned Little Albert to demonstrate A) that infants could learn to salivate to the sound of a bell. B) how classical conditioning could create fear in a human infant. C) that reinforcement was more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment. D) how quickly responses can be learned and then unlearned. 15. Through the use of virtual reality, deconditioning has been used to help returning soldiers overcome their debilitating fear reactions. This therapeutic approach is based upon A) dynamic systems theory. B) principles of operant conditioning. C) principles of classical conditioning. D) social cognitive theory. 16. In operant conditioning A) involuntary responses are either reinforced or punished by the environment. B) an unconditioned stimulus will always lead to an unconditioned response. C) a reinforcement that follows a behavior causes that behavior to occur again. D) a fixed response produces behaviors that are the most resistant to extinction. 17. If you wanted to encourage a child to eat a healthier diet, at first you might smile or nod when the child was willing to take a small bite of a healthy food item on her plate. Then you might only smile and nod when the child took a full bite of the food. Then you might only respond when the child ate several bites, and finally only when the child finished the serving on her plate. You are changing this child's behavior through the process of A) classical conditioning. B) negative reinforcement. C) shaping. D) assimilation. 18. You can extinguish an undesired behavior by A) delivering an unpleasant consequence following the behavior. B) slowly escalating the amount of punishment for the continued undesired behavior. C) not responding to the behavior. D) only intermittently punishing the behavior. 19. Bandura's social cognitive theory added a third learning principle to classical and operant conditioning, which was that A) reinforcement is more powerful in shaping behavior than punishment.

B) only involuntary responses can be classically conditioned. C) shaping is an effective way to learn a new behavior. D) people also can learn through imitation of behaviors they observe. 20. When children observed an adult treating a Bobo doll in an aggressive manner A) they were more likely to treat the doll aggressively themselves when they had the chance to play with it. B) it aroused a great deal of anxiety in the children and the experiment needed to be discontinued. C) only children who were initially highly aggressive in their play were affected by what they saw. D) they exactly copied what they saw the adult do when they played with a smaller doll. 21. According to Piaget, when you encounter new information and it fits into an existing scheme, you can ____________ the new information. A) transform B) assimilate C) accommodate D) encode 22. If new information cannot fit into an existing scheme, it throws us into a state of cognitive disequilibrium and we will A) transform the new information into a form we can understand. B) encode the information in a new way that will allow it to be assimilated. C) need to create a new scheme to accommodate the information. D) level the information so that it can make sense to us. 23. Which of the following is how Piaget would describe children? A) They are like little sponges that absorb any new information they encounter. B) They are little computers who take in information and spit it out again. C) They are like little teachers who want to tell everyone what they know. D) They are like little scientists who actively experiment on their world. 24. Piaget’s research has affected the world of education by A) stressing the importance of rote learning in early education. B) promoting strategies that allow the child to construct his own learning C) emphasizing the importance of group work and collaboration in learning projects. D) making us realize the young children need a great deal of adult supervision and oversight in order to learn effectively. 25. The help that a more knowledgeable person offers to a child to help the child move beyond his current level of understanding is called A) collaborative learning. B) prompting. C) assimilation. D) scaffolding.

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26. When dynamic assessment is used to determine a child’s level of understanding, the instructor determines the child’s current level of understanding and then A) helps the child move to the next level of understanding. B) compares the child’s performance to the performance of other children of the same age. C) re-assesses the child’s understanding at a later date. D) determines what the child can do under a different set of testing conditions. 27. The understanding that newborn ducklings and goslings will imprint upon and follow their mothers immediately after birth came from early work in the field of A) ethology. B) sociobiology. C) ecological theory. D) information processing. 28. Bronfenbrenner would say that it is important that we understand the individual A) as an autonomous individual who has the free will to make independent choices. B) as someone who primarily responds to biological processes that he can’t control. C) not on her own or with one or two other people, but rather within all of the contexts that affect development. D) as a member of a specific culture that dictates the person’s attitudes, values and beliefs. 29. In ecological theory, the macrosystem consists of A) all of a person's face-to-face interactions in their immediate settings. B) the interactions between various microsystems. C) the settings that are external to the child and which the child never enters. D) the cultural norms that guide the organizations and places that make up one's everyday life. 30. Ecological system theory has made a particularly important impact in the area of A) sociobiology. B) social policy and action research. C) education. D) neurobiology. True/False Questions 31. According to psychoanalytic theory, a person can be fixated at a stage because their needs were not adequately met at that stage or because they received so much gratification that the person is not willing to move on to another stage. A) True B) False

32. The process of classical conditioning works on animals, but humans cannot be classically conditioned. C) True D) False 33. Piaget believed that the primary difference between how children think and how adults think is a difference in how much each knows. E) True F) False 34. When research has ecological validity it means that it takes the environment into account when interpreting the findings. G) True H) False Essay Questions 35. Study Unconditioned Stimulus, Unconditioned Response, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response 36. What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement? 37. How would you use Skinner’s idea of reinforcement to work with a child who was showing a lot of aggression in a third grade class? 38. Define Vygotsky's concept of the zone of proximal development. 39. What are the five systems that make up Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory? Chapter 3 1. Research that has the primary goal of satisfying our curiosity and increasing our understanding of the world we live in is called A) fundamental research. B) basic research. C) scientific research. D) primary research. 2. Applied developmental research is research that A) has the primary purpose of adding to our theoretical understanding of the process of development. B) provides information that is interesting and important. the theory are 5 systems; micro-, meso-, exo-, macro-, and chrono-system According to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully comprehend or perform a task, but can learn to do so with the assistance of someone more competent. positive reinforcement involves contingent stimulus presentation, whereas negative reinforcement involves contingent stimulus termination.

C) uses the scientific method to try to reach valid conclusions. D) is intended to help us make changes that will improve the lives of children. 3. You are interested in looking at the relationship between education and well-being. You decide that you will use the number of years of schooling completed as the way you will measure level of education. This step in the scientific method is called A) operationalizing the concept. B) establishing the validity of your measure. C) determining if your measure is reliable. D) standardizing your measure. 4. If we conduct a research study using a sample of 14- to 16-year old adolescents attending school in ethnically-diverse middle class communities, we could correctly generalize our results to A) all adolescents between the ages of 14 to 16. B) all middle class adolescents. C) all middle class adolescents between the ages of 14 to 16. D) adolescents who have characteristics similar to those of the sample. 5. One of the advantages of doing research by using observations is that we can A) determine the causes of behavior. B) observe behavior as it naturally occurs. C) compare a single individual to an entire group of individuals. D) generalize our results to most populations. 6. A researcher who is conducting observations to test her own hypothesis may see or pay more attention to behavior that tends to support that hypothesis, so she must guard against A) premature interpretation. B) causal references. C) observer bias. D) sampling bias. 7. One important reason why a researcher might choose to collect data using observations is that A) the data are easier to interpret than data collected using other research methods. B) observations can capture behavior as it naturally occurs. C) the conclusions can be more easily generalized to other groups of children. D) we can draw causal inferences from our observations. 8. When we use our observations to make a detailed record of everything that occurs in a stream of behavior, we can A) carefully control and manipulate the variables we are interested in. B) infer the causes of the behaviors that we are observing. C) generalize our results to other children in similar circumstances. D) use it to generate new hypotheses for future research. 9. The norm for a standardized test represents A) the average or typical performance of a child of a given age on a specific test.

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B) the size of the sample that is used to develop the test items. C) other tests that measure the same or similar qualities or characteristics. D) the highest and lowest score that any child gets on the test. 10. Using a large sample ensures that it will be a representative sample. A) True B) False 11. When you conduct an observation in a laboratory rather than a natural setting, you gain greater control over the situation. A) True B) False 12. When observations are carefully done and include a representative sample of children, you can determine the causes of their behavior. A) True B) False

Chapter 4 1. We know that both nature and nurture play a role in development, but today we are most interested in understanding A) whether nature or nurture is more important. B) how much of our development can be attributed to nature and how much to nurture. C) whether nature or nurture comes first in development. D) how genes are expressed through the constant interaction with the environment. 2. Canalization is the A) degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment. B) likelihood that a recessive gene will express itself in the phenotype.

C) degree to which multiple genes work together to produce a trait. D) extent to which certain characteristics evoke specific responses from others. 3. Epigenetics is the term used to describe the system by which A) dominant genes overpower recessive genes and do not allow them to be expressed. B) genes can be turned on or silenced by different environmental experiences. C) we use gene therapy to modify genes that are potentially harmful. D) genes that were not deeply canalized become deeply canalized. 4. Research conducted with nurturing and non-nurturing mother rats has found that when a mother rat does not nurture and respond to her babies A) a specific gene was “turned off” and the babies became more fearful and stressed by future environmental events. B) a specific gene was “turned on” and the babies become more assertive in pursuing their mothers to get her attention. C) the babies try to find another mother rat who will care for them. D) we can give the mother rat hormones that will make her more responsive to her offspring. 5. A child who has violent tendency may seek out and enjoy playing violent videogames. In this case we would describe the genes for this tendency as A) passive. B) active. C) evocative. D) reactive. 6. Explain how “nature through nurture” is different from “nature versus nurture.” 7. Assume that Jordan has inherited genes that promote risk-taking behavior. Describe how these might interact with his environment in passive, active and evocative ways. 8. Define epigenetics. Epigenetics is the term used to describe the system by which genes can be turned on or silenced by different environmental experiences

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Fall 2023 Study Guide # 1 ECED 105 PCD - Tagged

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