FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023 NEW

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Dec 6, 2023

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FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023 1. What is altruism? Voluntarily engaging in prosocial behavior, behavior that helps another, often a costly behavior to the person engaging in act ✅ 2. What is the empathy-altruism hypothesis? The idea that if one experiences empathy when viewing someone in need, one is more likely to help that person through engaging in an altruistic act ✅ 3. What would the empathy-altruism hypothesis predict in terms of someone who is experiencing distress at the sight of a person in need? Distress is likely to result in one seeking to get rid of distress. Altruistic behavior is less likely when distress is experienced ✅ 4. What emotion makes it more likely that someone will help another? Empathy ✅ 5. What did Fuhrel-Forbis, Lou, and Brown (2012) find regarding older adults who volunteered? Older adults volunteering who were motivated by self gain had higher death rates than those with empathic motives ✅ 6. Who is more likely to be a hero, a man or a woman? Man ✅ 7. Who is more likely to be a hero, an African American or an European American? African American ✅ 8. Was keeping a gratitude journal positively correlated with exercising? Yes, people who kept a gratitude diary were more likely to exercise ✅ 9. Was keeping a gratitude journal positively correlated with better sleep? Yes, people who kept a gratitude journal reported better sleep ✅ 10. What personality trait (big 5) is most related to forgiveness? Agreeableness ✅ 11. Who is more likely to forgive, an older or younger person? Older ✅ 12. Who is more likely to forgive, a religious or less religious person? More religious ✅ 13. According to the text, what is most influential of all school related factors that undermine student learning and their attitudes about education? ✅ -poor teaching -teachers who are under qualified and/or under prepared 14. How does education impact unemployment rates? A person with a more formal education has a higher likelihood of being employed, vice versa ✅

15. What is presenteeism? Is it generally a good thing? a state whereby employees may be at work, but because of the adverse and/or repetitive work experiences, they are unhappy and unproductive. This may be due to mental health problems that result from these experiences ✅ 16. Is racial diversity positively or negatively correlated with overall job performance? ✅ -positively -as diversity goes up, job performance typically goes up 17. Does the research suggest that, as a boss, you stress strengths or work to improve weaknesses in your employees? -there is more research supporting the idea that bosses should stress strengths ✅ 19. What is the difference between a job, a career and a calling? ✅ -job: Engage in a job in order to make money and pay the bills -career: Engage in a job to gain prestige and to "move up the ladder" -calling: Engaging in a job because it is intrinsically rewarding (ex: work in a job because it is internally and personally fulfilling, not because of the pay check) 20. What is job crafting? -ways one comes up with ways to tailor his or her job to make it more satisfying ✅ 21. Be able to differentiate between a fixed and growth mindset in terms of: ✅ a. How failure is viewed: Fixed: failure is viewed as an indication that one isn't smart enough growth: failure is viewed as a wake-up call to put in more effort b. How effort is seen: Fixed: "if I have to put effort into something, I must not be very smart" Growth: "effort is required to perform well and learn more" c. Usual response after a failure experience Fixed: Put less effort into something after failure Growth: Put more effort into something after failure 22. What were the results of the Dweck study measuring mindset among 7th grade math students? ✅ -Measured mindset and then followed students for 2 years -Those with the growth mindset performed significantly better in math over the 2 years -Note: there were no significant differences between groups at the beginning of the study

23. What were the results of the Dweck study measuring mindset among premed students taking chemistry? ✅ -Those with growth mindset earned significantly better grades (no significant differences between groups at the beginning of the study) - They engaged vigorously when met with failure -They tried hard to overcome failure 24. What were the results of the Schleider & Weisz (2017) study measuring a single session growth mindset intervention among high risk adolescents? ✅ -Those in the growth mindset group reported significant lower youth reported depression and sense of control over one's behavior -Their parents reported the youth had lower anxiety and depression 25. What is primary prevention? ✅ Programs or actions designed to stop or decrease the likelihood of a problem occurring before the problem appears 26. Are primary prevention programs typically effective? Yes ✅ 27. What is secondary prevention? ✅ Programs designed to detect and treat a problem that is not yet symptomatic -examples include screening for diseases, like cancer, screening for hazardous drinking patterns -the idea is that people who are not aware that they have a problem could find out that they do have a problem/disease, and treat it before it becomes worse 28. What is tertiary prevention? ✅ Programs designed to arrest the progress, minimize disability, impairment and/or suffering in those who are exhibiting a disease state or disorder 29. What type of program is Head Start (primary, secondary or tertiary prevention)? Primary (selective) prevention program 30. What is primary enhancement? Programs for establishing "optimal functioning and satisfaction" ✅ 32. What is the difference between hedonic primary enhancement and eudaemonic primary enhancement? ✅ -hedonic primary enhancement: increase well being by increasing pleasure -eudaemonic primary enhancement: increase well being by setting and reaching goals 33. What is savoring? Purposeful actions aimed at "appreciating and amplifying a positive experience" ✅

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-can be an experience that is currently happening, that happened in the past, or that you are anticipating in the future 33. What is secondary enhancement? Build upon already optimal functioning and satisfaction to achieve peak experiences ✅ 34. What is satisficing? Decision making strategy whereby one finds an acceptable minimal threshold ✅ Once that is met, the decision is deemed acceptable and the search for solutions stops 35. What is maximizing? Decision making strategy whereby one finds the optimal solution ✅ 36. Which strategy is generally associated with greater well-being and less regret, satisficing or maximizing? Satisficing ✅ 37.According to the text, do we tend to over or underestimate the impact of environmental factors on mental health? Underestimate ✅ 38.What are attributions? Causal explanations we assign to an action we have made, or someone else has made (ex: "she told him she loves you because she wants something from you") ✅ 39.What is the fundamental attribution error? Be able to identify an example of this. Human tendency to take environment and motive into account when explaining our behavior, but NOT being generous in this regard to others' behavior 40.What is the negativity bias? ✅ The human tendency to pay more attention to the negative "The brain is like Velcro for negative experiences but Teflon for positive ones" (Hanson) 41.What is the universality assumption? ✅ "what is true for me, must be true for you" -a common assumption that is often incorrect, does not take into account individual differences/experiences or culture 42.What happened to participants' brains when Cacioppo showed participants positive, neutral and negative slides? The brains reacted significantly stronger to the negative slides ✅ 43. According to classic attachment theory, how is an infant attachment style acquired? -Primary through learning. -The infant learns what to expect from others via his or her relationship with his or her caretaker. ✅

44. What is positive resonance? 3 intertwined events: -Shared positive emotion -Synchrony between people's behaviors and biochemistry -Decision to invest in the other person (usually reciprocal; sometimes called "mutual care") 45. According to the Uri Hasson TED talk, what happens when we communicate, speak and listen? -our brain waves "sync up" (when I am listening to you talk, my brain syncs up to yours as you speak) ✅ 46. What did one study find when researchers continued to give rats oxytocin (so the rats received high levels of oxytocin)? -the rats exhibited less social behavior (this finding contradicts the trust game experiment) 47. Does the administration of oxytocin appear to increase or decrease in-group behavior? Increase ✅ 48. Researchers took saliva samples of 55 parents and 55 infants before and after 15 minute interactions. They coded the behavior of the caregivers and infants. What did they find? ✅ -Behavioral synchrony was positively and significantly associated with oxytocin release (they were synced) -When behavioral synchrony did not occur, synced oxytocin release did not occur 49. Have researchers been successful in improving vagal tone? If so, how? Yes, via loving kindness meditation ✅ 50. What are the adult attachment styles posited by Bartholomew? Secure, preoccupied, fearful and dismissive ✅ 51. Which of the adult attachment styles is high in fear of abandonment, but low in avoidance of intimacy? Preoccupied ✅ 52. Which of the adult attachment styles is low in fear of abandonment, and high in avoidance of intimacy? Dismissing ✅ 53. Which of the adult attachment styles is high in fear of abandonment, and high in avoidance of intimacy? Fearful ✅ 54. Which of the adult attachment styles is low in fear of abandonment, and low in avoidance of intimacy? Secure ✅ 55. What are the 5 components of a minding relationship? -knowing one's partner being known by one's partner

-engaging in relationship menacing attributions (such as giving your partner the benefit of the doubt -Being accepting and respectful of one's partner -Maintaining reciprocity (making sure that you both give and receive in the relationship) -continuing this process of minding or taking care of the relationship 56. What is capitalization? Which reaction appears to be best for a relationship? -Our reactions even to happy events are important -Enthusiastically responding to positive events in our partner's life associated with increased relational satisfaction, trust and higher commitment ✅ 57. Is exercise an effective method of increasing well-being? Yes, it is one of the most effective methods ✅ 58. Is suicide more common in less affluent countries? No ✅ 59. What did Blumenthal et al., 1999 find when randomly assigning clinically depressed people over the age of 50 to either exercise only, Zoloft only or a both exercise and Zoloft condition? ✅ Findings: Significant improvement in all 3 groups Outcome measures: Significant decrease in depressive symptoms Decrease in dysfunctional attitudes Happiness scores increased Self reported elf esteem increased At 6 month follow-up The groups with exercise component were significantly less likely to relapse 60. What are the 3 conditions associated with Meaning in Life? ✅ ● Seeing one's life as worthwhile and one's self as making a contribution to the greater good (significance) ● Seeing one's life as making sense (coherence) ● Having a sense of purpose (purpose) -having important goals -making a contribution to the world via those goals 61. How is meaning in life predictive of suicide? Lack of meaning predicted suicide ✅ 62. What % of Americans were neutral, moderately disagreed or strongly disagreed with the following statement: "I have a good sense of what makes my life meaningful"? 25% ✅ 64. Is suicide more common in in countries where the inhabitants report a clear idea of the meaning of their lives? No ✅ 65. What were the findings of the study looking at pairs of women about to be shocked?

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✅ altruism empathy hypothesis -Subjects were given a placebo "drug" -Half told a side effect was distress and uneasiness -Half told a side effect was sensitivity and emotional warmth -had to watch someone being shocked -Ease of escape was manipulated either subjects had to watch only had to watch first trial OR they had to observe both trials -Pairs of female participants (one a confederate) -Had to watch other experience shock Ask other if she would trade places with confederate Findings: -Those in the empathy condition more likely to help when they could easily have escaped unpleasant emotions -Those in the personal distress condition were more likely to help in the difficult escape condition 66. What are some strategies for increasing altruism? ✅ -Engaging in acts of kindness is associated with people reporting they are happier -Increase contact with those in need -Point of similarities -Broaden the social circles of ourselves and our children -Enhance altruism as a value -Enhance altruism an a habit 67. What is the definition of heroism? ✅ Definition: 1. A voluntary act 2. In the service of another 3. Involving substantial risk to one's physical well being, social stature or quality of life 4. With no expectation of material or other gain 68. Who is more likely to be a hero, someone in an urban environment or rural? Urban ✅ 69. Who is more likely to be a hero, someone well educated or less well educated? well educated ✅ 70. Who is more likely to be a hero, someone who has volunteered, or who has not? Volunteered ✅

71. Who is more likely to be a hero, someone who has survived a disaster versus had not survived a disaster? Has survived a disaster ✅ 72. According to Lybomirsky, which culture benefited more from the use of a gratitude intervention in increasing well being? European Americans benefited more than Asian Americans ✅ 73. Does gratitude seem to have a greater effect on children (youth) who already have high positive affect, or those with lower positive affect? has more of an impact on those with lower positive affect ✅ 74. What did Emmons find with 6th and 7th grade middle school children who kept a gratitude journal? ✅ -higher GPAs -more satisfied with their teachers -more satisfied with their parents -greater school engagement These effects lasted longer than the intervention 75. Is gratitude related to complacency and passivity? no, in fact it is more relate to the opposite ✅ 76. Is engaging in forgiveness related to health? Yes, this is especially true for older people and for African Americans ✅ 77. What is the REACH model? Models used to help people engage in forgiveness. Has 5 parts: ✅ R ecall the hurt E mpathy for the perpetrator A ltruistic gift of forgiveness C ommit publicly to forgiveness H old on to forgiveness 78. In what situations have researchers found that forgiveness and self-forgiveness have been counterproductive? ✅ -Research suggesting that victims of domestic violence who were able to forgive their perpetrators were more likely to return to an abusive situation (Gordon et al., 2004) -McNulty (2011) found that forgiving a violent partner was predictive of continued aggression in a marriage -Wohl & Thompson (2011) found that smokers who forgave themselves for smoking

were less likely to give it up 79. What is mindfulness? "The awareness that arises when paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, nonjudgmentally"(Jon Kabat Zinn) ✅ 80. What is automaticity? Doing something without much thought ✅ 81. Has mindfulness meditation shown to be effective in the treatment of mood disturbances? ✅ -Yes -It is an integral part of psychological treatments for people with recurrent depression (history of more that 3 episodes of major depressive disorder) 82. Has mindfulness meditation shown to be effective in the treatment of anxiety? Yes ✅ 83. What is flow? A subjective state of optimal experience during performance of a non- trivial task, whose difficulty is on par with the skill level of the subject ✅ 84. What are the conditions which make flow more likely? ✅ -you are performing a moderately difficult task -you have the required skills to perform the task -you are performing a task that is intrinsically rewarding -there is not much perceived time pressure to accomplish the task -you have few distractions -you have a goal with regard to the task 85. What happens to one's sense of time during flow? it is suspended, you often lose your sense of time while engaged in the activity ✅ 86. What happens to one's self consciousness during flow? -we usually become less self conscious because your attention is on completing the task at hand ✅ 87. What did Dr. Amiable find with regard to flow and creativity? -not only were subjects more likely to be more creative during a flow experience, this creativity persisted at least a day after that initial flow experience ✅ 88. Know the longitudinal study of talented teenagers on page 278. Flow in an area at age 13 predicted commitment to that area at age 17 ✅ 89. What is the experience sampling method? -research method whereby study participants are randomly signaled (usually via phone/text) to report on an activity or

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state of mind at that moment ✅ 90. What are some of the benefits of spirituality found by scientists? ✅ -Correlation between high spirituality and overall better mental health -Lower rates of addiction to drugs or alcohol -Better marital relationships -Longer live -Higher levels of hope and optimism -Better coping with a cancer diagnosis, a diagnosis of schizophrenia, having a child with a severe illness, with poverty, racism 91. What are the 3 typical components of mindfulness meditation? ✅ -Focus on 1 thing (like a mantra or your breath) -Deep breathing -There is no "good" or "bad" meditation 92. In studies of skilled meditators, what area of the brain is activated? The left frontal cortex ✅ 93. What is the research on meditation and suppressing the startle response? In studies of skilled meditators, skilled meditators can suppress the startle response. This is pretty remarkable because even skilled sharpshooters are not able to do this ✅ 94. What is urge surfing? ✅ -strategy for overcoming urges and cravings, it was developed to help people who are addicted to drugs and alcohol -rather than try to suppress a craving, respond to a craving by staying present through the craving -be mindful and present through the experience -remind yourself that it will pass 95.Review classical conditioning ✅ a. given an example, be able to identify the i. Unconditioned stimulus - elicits an automatic response. In Pavlov’s experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the food (meat). ii. Unconditioned response - naturally occurs. (Salivation was the unconditioned response because of the smell of food) iii. Conditioned stimulus - Conditioned Stimulus: a stimulus that is repeated paired with the unconditioned stimulus until it eventually causes the same

response. (The bell before the food was the conditioned stimulus because the dogs eventually salivate at the sound of the bell) iv. Conditioned response - response taught through experience 96. What is extinction? ✅ - The disappearance of the conditioned response (CR) when the conditioned stimulus (CS) is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) a. What about extinction bursts? The expected and temporary escalations in the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of the maladaptive “target” behavior 97.In studies looking at spirituality, what percent of Americans report experiencing a transformative spiritual experience? ✅ 50% 98. Does the way you view a God or Higher Power have an impact on your health? Yes. Studies suggest that those who view God as benevolent and forgiving tend to enjoy better health (correlational data...) ✅ 99. Is religion more strongly correlated with well being for certain types of people? Yes, religion is more strongly correlated with well being in women, African Americans, older people and North Americans (as compared to Europeans) 100.Which has the strongest relationship to health? ✅ a. Attendance of religious services a. Attendance of religious services b. Affiliation with a religious group c. Private religious practices (like prayer) . d. Use of religion to cope with difficulties 101. How large is the correlation between religion and well being? there is a small but consistent correlation ✅ 102. Does self efficacy appear to be a genetic gift? ✅ -no, it appears to be based on learning, what has been modeled, what others have told someone they can do or not do, and life experiences -there also appears to be physiological component 103. In U.S. culture, who shows higher self efficacy in language arts, boys or girls? -girls; researchers believe this is mostly due to culture (gender roles) ✅ 104. In U.S. culture, who shows higher self efficacy in math, boys or girls? -boys; researchers believe this is mostly due to culture (gender roles) ✅

105. What differences did Kim and Park (2006) find between study participants in the U.S., and those in Japan and South Korea, with regard to rating their abilities? ✅ -In the US, people tend to rate their abilities high, even when performance is low (it appears Americans are often overly confident of their abilities) -In Japan and South Korea, the opposite was found. People tend to rate their abilities low, even when performance is high (it appears the Japanese and South Koreans often are under confident of their abilities) 106. Does Bandura believe that self efficacy is situational or a trait? Situational ✅ 107. How does self efficacy relate to physical health? ✅ -In studies conducted in the US, -high self efficacy has been associated an increased probability that someone will engage in healthy behaviors and not engage in unhealthy behaviors -higher self efficacy is associated with better health and immune functioning (note,these are correlational data) -in a study of people with MS (multiple sclerosis), high self efficacy for dealing with this chronic illness was associated with more physical pursuits 108. What is bicultural self efficacy? the perception that one can successfully take part in more than one culture (such as one's own culture and the dominant culture one has grown up in) ✅ a. What are the 3 ways it might occur? i. -Language (ability to understand both languages) ii. -Relationships with others (ability to form relationships in both cultures and to understand the norms of each culture) iii. -Valuing frameworks of both cultures ((ability to value things/ideas/customs from both cultures) 109. What is post traumatic growth? "It is positive change experienced as a result of the struggle with a major life crisis or a traumatic event." ✅ -Does not imply that suffering will not occur -Is not a universal phenomenon -Does not suggest that it is ok that trauma occurs 110. What is learned optimism? ✅ -the idea that the attributions (causal statements) we make about events can have an impact on our moods and behaviors -this is something that is learned, so we have the ability to change this 111. What types of attributions do typical optimistic thinkers make when something

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good happens? -permanent, pervasive and personal ✅ 112. What types of attributions do typical pessimistic thinkers make when something good happens? temporary, specific domain only, and outside agent responsible ✅ 113. What types of attributions do typical optimistic thinkers make when something bad happens? temporary, specific domain only, and outside agent responsible ✅ 114. What types of attributions do typical pessimistic thinkers make when something bad happens? permanent, pervasive and personal ✅ 115.What are some negatives associated with optimism (page 194)? -in one study, people with an optimistic explanatory style were significantly more likely to continue gambling even after losing over and over -an optimistic style has also been associated with appraising risky situations as less risky than they actually are ✅ 116. Does the research so far suggest that optimism is a similar construct among African Americans and European Americans? Yes ✅ 117. What is defensive pessimism? ✅ "A strategy used by anxious people to help them manage their anxiety so they can work productively" "Lower expectations to help prepare for the worst" "Mentally play through bad things that might happen" This style is likely to result in over preparation, which typically pays off, especially for people experiencing anxiety 118.What is the behavioral activation system? -system that moves towards/approach something usually to gain a reward ✅ 119.What is the behavioral inhibition system? -system that moves away from something usually to avoid something punishing or undesirable ✅ 120.What were the findings of the Murata et al., 2013 study comparing the neurological processing of Asian and European American study participants? ✅ -Asian study participants were able to decrease their emotional reaction to negative pictures, while European Americans were not -it looks like there is some cultural learning that takes place that we can measure in participants' brains 121.What is socioemotional selectivity theory? ✅

-the notion that as we get older (such as reaching our 60s and beyond), our foci change -we tend to focus less on negative emotions, and to savor the good things we have in our lives -later in life, a positivity bias is more common -we also tend to participate in activities and relationships that we find more rewarding, often engaging in fewer, but deeper relationships and activities a. Is it supported in Chinese samples? yes, this theory was supported 122. What were the findings of the Pennebaker studies of writing and health outcomes? ✅ -expressing emotion, via writing or speaking about our fears and bad things we have experienced resulted in significant fewer visits to the doctor and better immune functioning (as measured by T-cell counts in the blood), as compared to a control group -these are experimental data, so we can actually say that the data support a causal hypothesis 123. What is alexithymia? difficulties expressing one's feelings in words ✅ 124. With which populations does expressive writing seem to have the most benefit? ✅ Most benefit is derived by those who have not regularly expressed their emotions 125. What does the term hedonic happiness mean? Happiness that is derived from pleasure and avoiding pain (as opposed to eudaimonic happiness) ✅ 126.Does the research support the notion that humans can experience more than one emotion at the same time? Yes ✅ 127. Which type of emotions did Isen find contributed to people being more likely to help others, think in flexible ways, engage in effective problem-solving, and be more willing to exhibit self-control? mild positive emotion ✅ 128. What are the 4 assumptions of broaden and build model/theory? ✅ -Positive emotions impact one's thought-action repertoire -"Undoing:" positive (+) emotions undo the effects of negative (-) emotions -Positive emotions help us "bounce back" -Positive emotions improve well-being and help build resources 129. What were the findings of the study mentioned in class whereby participants watched 1 of 4 video clips, inducing anger, fear, joy, contentment (there was also a control condition). They were then asked to think of a situation that would induce a similar emotional state to the video clip they saw. Finally, they were asked to list all the things they would like to do at that moment. ✅ Those in the joy and contentment groups listed more items than the other groups The anger and fear groups listed few items than the neutral condition

130. What were the finds of the 4 year old kids who were joining sticks together? -the exploration group: accomplished the task faster and with fewer hints than other two groups -the training group performed better than control group, but not as well as the exploration group ✅ 131. What has Sheldon Cohen's research team found with regard to emotional style and susceptibility to a rhinovirus? What about the association of emotional style and the number of expected symptoms? What about health practices? ✅ -People who reported positive emotions were less likely to catch colds and also less likely to report symptoms when they did get sick -"This held true regardless of their levels of optimism, extroversion, purpose and self-esteem, and of their age, race, gender, education, body mass or pre-study immunity to the virus" 132.What is "undoing" in the positive psychology literature? "undoing" is the idea that positive emotions can "undo" or counter the effects of negative emotions ✅ 133.What is eudaimonia? a state of mind that includes both well-being and living a life of virtue 134.What % of the well-being "pie" appears to be due to genetics? ✅ Genetics: 50% a.Life circumstances? Life circumstances: 10% b.Thoughts and actions on the part of the individual? Thoughts and actions: 40% 135.What is flow? What is flow associated with? ✅ -engagement in a consuming and interesting activity -usually achieved with an activity we find moderately challenging (we have the skills to successfully execute the activity) -people can be so engrossed in an activity that they lose track of time 136.Does the expression of gratitude seem to increase happiness across cultures? ✅ Why? -not necessarily -it is often dependent on the culture from which you come from (for instance, it was associated with the negative feeling of being indebted to another among participants from South Korea)

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137. What are the big 5 personality traits? ✅ -Openness to new experience -Conscientiousness -Extroversion -Agreeableness -Neuroticism 138. What two personality traits (from the big 5) are most closely associated with happiness? - Extroversion (high associated with positive emotions) and Neuroticism (low) ✅ 139. How is marital status/civil union status associated with happiness levels in Western samples? Happiness/well-being scores are higher among married heterosexual couples and married/civil union homosexual couples ✅ 140. Do many researchers believe we each might have a sort of "set point" for happiness? Yes a. What research supports refuting this? the data on people who win the lottery and people who become paraplegic ✅ 141. Americans make more money and have more goods than they did in the 1950s, are we happier now? No , happiness levels are about the same ✅ 142. Are the rates of depression among the Amish closer to our current rates in the US, or rates from 60 + years ago? ✅ -the average Amish adult is, on average, less depressed than the average American Amish rates are more like rates from 60+ years ago -it appears that depression rises as we become a richer nation 143. Is the saying "money cannot buy you love" supported by the research among Americans? ✅ -generally yes -getting out of poverty improves our happiness levels, but once we have our basic needs well met (so a household making $50-75,000/annually), more and more money doesn't make us more and more happy 144. Does personality change over time? If so how? -yes, on average, change is moderate We tend to become more conscientious in our 20s We tend to become more agreeable in our 30s Women tend to exhibit less neuroticism as they age (not true for men)

145. What is hedonic adaptation? ✅ -the tendency of humans to habituate to both very good things that happen to us, as well as very bad things. -we initially may experience a rise or lowering of well-being scores, but we (on average) bounce back to pre-event scores, usually within a year (recall the studies of lottery winners and people who became paraplegic) 146. What does the word etiology mean? ✅ the cause of something (like the cause of a disease or disorder) 147. What does the term eugenics mean? ✅ the study of reducing "genetically inferiority" by selective breeding, especially as applied to human reproduction 148.How does the strength of forgiveness differ for Hmong Americans, as opposed to mainstream Americans? ✅ -it focuses on the restoration of respect -it emphasizes spirituality -it is facilitated by a third party 149. Does the attainment of happiness as a goal appear to be universal? No ✅ 150.In the Chang studies (1996), which group had higher levels of pessimism, Asian Americans or Caucasian Americans? How did this finding relate to depression? -higher pessimism among Asian Americans -higher pessimism among Asian Americans was not associated with increased depression, but it was associated with depression among Caucasian Americans 151.Do the authors of the text believe that psychological strength is universal? Are there universal strengths, according to the text? - yes, they believe that psychological strength is universal, however, they also state that there are no universal strengths (those depend on one's culture) 152. According to the text, is "the good life" in the mind of the beholder? Yes ✅ 153. What is the definition of resilience? -the ability to bounce back or positively adapt in face of significant adversity ✅ 154. What did Werner find in her longitudinal study of babies born on Kauai in 1955? Over time, what % of the "at risk" sample had bounced back? ✅ -of the kids identified as "at risk" about 1/3 developed into competent adults and did not encounter academic or social problems -the other 2/3 had some difficulties, but by their mid 30's, most had "bounced back" and were effectively coping and living productive lives

-80% of the at risk sample bounced back 155. What are the "universal truths" with regard to resilience? ✅ -resiliency is common -the sources or resiliency are ordinary, and with one exception listed below, different factors contribute to resiliency in different people -having at least one caring adult 156. How is ethnic identity associated with self esteem in African American youth? -kids with strong links to their ethnic identity had higher self esteem on average ✅ 157. How is ethnic identity associated with academic achievement in Mexican American youth? -kids with strong links to their ethnic identity had higher academic achievement on average ✅ 158. Do Big Brothers and Big Sisters appear to be an effective program? Yes ✅ 159.Did Terman’s study support the idea that gifted children are physically weak or sickly? No ✅ a. Did Terman's study support the idea that very high IQ predicts adult success and/or better adult mental health? No ✅ 160.What are Erikson's stages of adult development (with 2 additional stages added by Vaillant)? -trust vs mistrust -autonomy vs shame and doubt -initiative vs guilt -industry vs inferiority -identity vs role confusion -intimacy vs isolation -career consolidation -generativity vs stagnation -keeper of meaning -ego integrity vs despair 161.How are instrumental and socioemotional support related to declines in functioning over time? ✅ -as people got older, they gave and received more support -having more social ties was related to less decline in functioning

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162. As we get older, men tend to receive support from _____________, and women from___________ ✅ -men: spouses -women: friends, relative and children 163. In the Adult Development Study discussed on page 124, what lifestyle factors predicted healthy aging? ✅ -not smoking or quitting smoking at an early age -using "mature defenses" such as humor or altruism (rather than say hypochondriasis, recall the video we watched in class) -not abusing alcohol -maintaining a healthy weight -engaging in some physical exercise -having a good primary romantic relationship, such as a marriage -having more education 164. In the Nuns Study, how was the content of autobiographies written when the nuns were in their early twenties related to risk of mortality? ✅ Nuns who had significantly positive essays were more likely to have successfully aged and to live longer than those with negative or neural essays 165. What did Lamond find with regard to accepting and tolerating negative affect as an older adult? ✅ The ability to accept and tolerate negative emotions was related to resilience in older adults 166. On average, are older people more or less emotionally reactive? -less emotionally reactive ✅ 167. On average, do negative emotions have a greater or less impact on older people? Less impact ✅ 168. What is validity? ✅ -accuracy -the idea that a scale is actually measuring what it is intended to measure 169. What is reliability? ✅ -consistency -the idea that a scale is consistently measuring what it is intended to measure (for instance, over time and/or over several administrations)

170. Why is cultural equivalence important when measuring psychological concepts? ✅ -if we want to measure a construct in more than 1 culture, we need to make sure we are measuring the same thing (apples to apples, not apples to oranges) 171. What is construct equivalence? ✅ -the degree to which a particular concept or construct has the same definition in different cultures 172. What is linguistic equivalence? ✅ -the degree to which a term or word has the same meaning in different languages when translated 173. What is metric equivalence? ✅ -the degree to which the method of measuring something is equivalent or equal across cultures 174. Why does research suggest it would be helpful to know and use your strengths? ✅ -Research suggests that when we use them, we tend to increase out subjective well being -When we work in a job that uses our strengths, we tend to increase productivity -There is research suggesting that when we work on increasing strengths, we also decrease weaknesses 175. What are the 3 parts of subjective well-being? -presence of positive emotions -lower levels of negative emotions -a sense of satisfaction regarding one's life 176. Which part of the central nervous system is related to "rest and digest"? Parasympathetic ✅ 177. Which part of the central nervous system is related to "fight or flight"? Sympathetic ✅ 178. What is associated with a strong vagal tone? -a stronger immune response -better regulation of one's inflammation response -more positive emotions 179. Can a researcher establish cause and effect with correlational research? -no ✅

180. Can a researcher establish cause and effect with experimental research? -yes ✅ 181. What are its 3 needs in self-determination theory? -competency, relatedness and autonomy 182. What is a meta analysis? -statistical method that combines the findings of many studies to examine one conclusion ✅ 183. What is the general definition of positive psychology? -the scientific and applied approach to uncovering people's strengths and promoting their positive functioning, helping people thrive ✅ -it is not positive thinking 184. According to Seligman, what is the "backbone" of positive psychology? -good science ✅ -This means information disseminated should be based on rigorous research 185. People from which cultural tradition is most likely to find it difficult to ask for help? -people from individualistic cultures ✅ 186. Which cultural tradition is most likely to emphasize etiquette and sensitivity to other's feelings? collectivistic cultures ✅ 187. Which cultural tradition is most likely to emphasize etiquette and sensitivity to other's feelings? Collectivistic ✅ 188. According to the text, which country is the most collectivistic? Individualistic? China, although other data suggest Guatemala is the most collectivistic ✅ 189.According to research, do people become more collectivistic as they age? Yes ✅ 190.Are there differences in degrees of individualism within the regions of the United States? Yes ✅ 191.Which regions of the United States has the highest degree of individualism? -Great plains region (like Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska) and the mountainous west (like Wyoming and Montana) ✅ 192.Which region of the United States has the lowest degree of individualism? -the South and California ✅ 193.If two people from different cultures (one more individualistic, and the other more

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collectivistic) were doing business, what differences would you expect to see? ✅ -people from collectivistic cultures tend to prefer 1. group negotiations instead of one-to-one negotiations 2. avoiding confrontation/conflict and tend to want to allow the other to save face 3. formal interactions -people from individualistic cultures tend to prefer 1. that their individual accomplishments are recognized 2. a solution that has a clear benefit to the individual person 194.According to the text, what % of the world's cultures are collectivistic? about 70% of the world's population ✅ 195. What do the letters of PERMA stand for? ✅ P =positive emotion E =engagement R =relationships M =meaning A =achievement 196.Is responding to your baby's needs likely to make them spoiled? -research suggests that no, responding to your baby's needs is likely to contribute to the child having a secure attachment ✅ 197. What are some ways that the article we read suggested parents engage in to maximize the likelihood of establishing a secure attachment with their infant? ✅ -talk to your child -play with your child -respond to your infant's needs -try and figure out your infant's unique cues (like figuring out the type of cry that means they are hungry) -facilitate the relationship between both parents and the infant (not just mother and infant) 198. What does research suggest about interacting with strangers, say on your commute? ✅ -it is likely to contribute to well-being -we incorrectly assume that we will enjoy our commutes less if we interact with strangers -we also incorrectly assume that others will not enjoy interacting with us

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199. What does research suggest about having deep conversations? having deep conversations is associated with higher well-being as compared to having shallow conversations ✅ 200.How does having a friend or partner impact our physiology when we are in a stressful situation? An enjoyable situation? ✅ -Stressful: we are less physiologically aroused -Enjoyable: it enhances our enjoyment 201.Do the data support the idea that having close relationships enhances our cognitive abilities (think older people and their cognitive functioning)? Yes ✅ 202.What happened in the study of toddlers who were given an opportunity to give away treats to a puppet? The researchers coded their facial expression and found that toddlers were happiest when they were giving away their treats, especially from their own stash ✅ 203. What is the leading cause of disability worldwide? Depression ✅ 204. In general, what happens to emotions we suppress? They tend to be amplified ✅

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FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2023 NEW

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