Test 1 Study Guide

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Georgia State University *

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2060

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Psychology

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Dec 6, 2023

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Test Covers Chapters 10, 1Test Covers Chapters 10, 11, 13-15 Chapter 10: 1. What is the default mode network? ● The default mode network is where the brain goes when it wanders. The default mode network is a network of interacting brain regions that is active when a person is not focused on the outside world. ● Areas of the brain that are active when no task is being done ● Some researchers believe the brain goes into the default mode network when the brain is at rest. ● Certain brain areas are activated when at rest and it is the same areas associated when thinking about past, future, and what others think about you. 2. How does the default mode affect mood? ● Associated with “less happy: ● “Meditation curbs mind wandering” 3. What is automaticity? ● Automaticity is the ability to do things without occupying the mind with low-level details required, allowing it to become an automatic response pattern or habit. It is usually the result of learning, repetition, and practice. ● Walking, riding a bicycle, working on assembly lines, and driving a car are all examples of automaticity. 4. What is mindfulness? ● Mindfulness: The awareness that arise when paying attention on purpose, in the present moment, no judge mentally. ● Others associate mindfulness with: Novelty, openness, decreased desire to reduce uncertainty, decreased evaluation ● The five facts of mindfulness: 1. Observing 2.Describing 3. Acting with awareness 4. Non-judging of inner experience 5. Non-reactivity to inner experience 5. What were the results of the Cochrane review discussed? ● This was a meta-analysis meditation program that is for psychological stress ● Non-profit organization that provides independent and rigorous analyses of treatment ● Enhances a negative study in decreasing Depression, anxiety, and chronic pain ● Increases Positive mood, eating habits, weight, sleep 6. What are the components of mindfulness meditation? ● 3 Components include: 1. Focus on 1 thing 2. Deep breathing 3. There is no “good” or “bad” meditation 7. Has mindfulness meditation shown to be effective in the treatment of mood disturbances? Social anxiety? ● Mindfulness based therapy was moderately effective for improving anxiety and mood symptoms from pre to post-treatment. ● Enhances psychological well being by decreasing anxiety, depression ● Enhances physical well-being by decreasing chronic pain, improving immune functioning and decreasing blood pressure. 8. What is urge surfing?

● Urge surfing are ways to overcome urges or cravings put forth by psychologist Marlatt. - Experience in new ways - “Ride them out” until they go away - Urges passes themselves - Urges at ocean waves - Practicing mindfulness regularly 9. What are the components of classical conditioning? Give an example, be able to identify the components. ● Unconditioned Stimulus: elicits an automatic response. In Pavlov’s experiment, the unconditioned stimulus was the food (meat). ● Conditioned Stimulus: stimulus that is repeated paired with the unconditioned stimulus until it eventually causes the same response. (The bell before the food was the conditioned stimulus because the dogs eventually salivate at the sound of the bell) ● Unconditioned response: naturally occurs. (Salivation was the unconditioned response because of the smell of food) ● Conditioned response: response taught through experience 10. What is extinction? ● Disappearance of the conditioned response when conditioned stimulus is no longer responded with unconditioned response stimulus 11. What is extinction burst? ● The expected and temporary escalations in the frequency, duration, and/or intensity of the maladaptive “target” behavior 12. What is flow? ● Csikzentmihalvi ● A subjective state of optimal experience during performance of a non-trivial task, whose difficulty is in part with the skill level of the subject. ● A state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter 13. What are the conditions which make flow more like? - Focus - Self consciousness - Control - Sense of time - Intrinsically rewarding - High potential for success 14. What happens to one’s sense of time during flow? ● Our best moments are not when you’re relaxed, but rather when we are engaged in “do- able” yet challenging activity ● People lose track of time when they are in flow. 15. What happens to self consciousness during the sense of time? ● Lose track of time completely ● Flow enhances teaching, learning, athletics, surgery, and artistic activities ● Flow in the academic area at 13 predicted commitment to that area at 17. ● Thought to be related to getting goals and feedback more than during leisure. 16. What is the autotelic personality?

● Idea that a group of personality variables are closely associated with flow ● Includes: “… a person who tends to enjoy life or generally does things for their own sake, rather than in order to achieve an external goal.” ● Includes: high persistence, curiosity, high intrinsic motivation, low self centered-mess 17. Know the longitudinal study of talented teenagers and flow. ● Csikszentmihalyi ● The systematic review that investigates the relationship between psychological correlates, personality dispositions, traits and internal states (motivation, goals, focus, and arousal) ● In teens : flow in academic area at 13 predicted commitment to that at area of 17 ● Flow experienced in math course ● Teresa Amabile: subjects were more creative during flow, but also creative the day after flow experience 18. What is the experience of sampling method? ● The experience sampling method (ESM) is a structured diary technique to appraise subjective experience in daily life. ● Involves asking patients to report on their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and/or environment on multiple occasions over time. 19. What are some of the benefits of spirituality found by scientists? ● “… the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors that arise from a search for the sacred” ● Typically a positive experience ● Achieved through a variety of pathways traditional/ non-traditional ● Smooth vs. sharp, shifting pattern ● 70-81% of Americans believe in God ● 49-56% rarely or never attend religious services ● Spirituality is associated with: 1. Overall better mental health 2. Lower rates of addiction to drugs or alcohol 3. Better martial relationships 4. Longer lives 5. Well-being 6. Higher levels of hope and optimism 7. Better coping Dr.Shauna Shapiro’s talk: 1. Positive and negative emotions look different in the brain. TRUE 2. Higher activity in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) relative to the right is associated with negative emotions. FALSE 3. In the study of 41 biotechnology employees, those in a mindfulness meditation group. Had significant increase in the left sided activation 4 months later 4. Why is this research so hopeful? Because it suggests that changing your interior landscape can shift your happiness level. 5. When Davidson says, “Happiness can be trained because they very structure of our brain can be modified” he is referring to Neuroplasticity

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6. Lazar and her colleagues found that cortical thickening correlated with practice. TRUE 7. Mindfulness helps us build new neural pathways to change habits. TRUE 8. A central idea of this talk is that our repeated experiences shape our brain. TRUE Urge Surfing Questions: 1. Is suppression of cravings a strategy that works in the long term? No, cravings diminish 2. What happens when we suppress urges or cravings? It results in greater cravings 3. When do we usually give in to cravings? Height of it (worst) 4. How could you handle a craving instead of giving in to it? Urge surfing, breathing, acknowledge thoughts. Flow: Seligman and Czikszentmihalyi: 1. According to the video, people of all ages are at their best when they engage in activities of high challenges, activities that absorb their interest, and activities that are matched to their signature strengths. True 2. When we are in flow, we tend to forget our problems. True 3. According to Csikzentmihalyi, the ego disappears when we are in flow. True 4. A take home message from this segment is that there are no shortcuts to a good, meaningful life. True Religion and Human Flourishing: Article 1. According to Dr.VanderWeele one of the problems with the research examining religion and well-being is that there are few studies. True 2. The study discussed in the article 3 groups. What were the mean ages of the 3 groups at baseline? 23, 47, and 69 3. Individuals who attended religious services weekly or more were 16% less likely to become depressed, and showed a 29% reduction in smoking and 34% reduction in heavy drinking. TRUE 4. Weekly service attendees were 55% less likely to die during the follow-up period. False 5. The study found evidence for modest effects of religious service attendance on reducing hopelessness, and loneliness. True 6. The effects on preventing depression were slightly larger for the young adults than the other two age groups. True 7. The evidence for an effect of service attendance on purpose in life was stronger for middle-aged adults than for older adults. True 8. There was modest evidence that service attendance increased sleep duration and increased physical activity. False 9. The likelihood of being overweight or obese, or the chances of suffering from stroke or hypertension were less likely among those who regularly attended religious services. False 10. The author did not address any harms associated with religious communities. False Chapter 11: 1. What is altruism? Alloparenting?

● Altruism: Voluntarily engaging in pro social behavior, behavior that helps another, often a costly behavior to the person engaging in act ● Alloparenting: Evolutionarily adaptive for others in a social group to protect and care for the offspring of another in one’s social group. (Occurs in mammalian species) 2. What is the empathy-altruism hypothesis? ● The experience of empathy promotes prosocial behavior, even when one will not benefit or can easily leave a situation without helping. ● When empathy is not experienced, we tend to be in a social exchange relationship ● We judge the relationship based on what we gain versus the cost of the relationship A) what would it predict in terms of someone who is experiencing distress at the sight of a person in need? If personal distress is activated, the primary goal is to change one’s feeling state. Results in leaving the situation. If we cannot leave, we might help just to decrease our arousal and unpleasant emotions. B) What emotion makes it more likely that someone will help another? Empathy is the focus on distress of another. C) Be familiar with the findings presented in class with regard to this hypothesis. Those who spent $ on others had higher well-being scores 3. Does there appear to be a genetic component of empathy? ● Yes, genetic contributions, life circumstances, personal thoughts, and actions are different for different people. ● Moderate component of empathy 4. What is an “altruism niche” and how does it apply to culture? ● An altruism niche is the result of prosocial behaviors being valued and rewarded within society ● “Altruism niche is when people are rewarded for being altruistic in a collectivistic culture ● Collectivistic ● Japanese cultures ● Collectivistic cultures are altruistic because they pu the welfare of others before their own. 5. What did Fuhrel-Forbis, Lou, and Brown (2012) find regarding older adults who volunteered? ● Konrath: Older adults volunteering who were motivated by self gain had higher death rates than those with empathic motives. ● Those whose primary motivation was self-gain had a higher mortality risk four years later, compared to those whose aim was to help others 6. What are some strategies for increasing altruism? - Engaging in acts of kindness associated with people reporting they are happier - Empathy based approaches: increase contact those in need, point of similarities,and broaden social circles of yourself and children - Values based approaches 7. Review the heroism data we went over in class: - 20% of 4000 Americans qualify: urban areas, more educated, African American, male, volunteer, survive personal trauma, describe self as ordinary - 20% were subject to qualified hero’s, urban were more likely to be heroes, educated, and males

8. What is the definition of gratitude? ● When you recognize that you have obtained a positive outcome from another individual ● To be thankful or show deep appreciation for someone or something. ● In positive psychology, this can be a trait, a state or character strengths. 9. Culturally speaking, people in which culture are more likely to use words “thank you” and “i am sorry”? - Thank you: United States - I am sorry: Koreans - Saying thank you has a positive effect in the United States. Koreans prefer apologies over thank you’s and those in America think the opposite. 10. According to Lyumbomirsky, which culture benefited more from the use of a gratitude intervention in increasing well being? - White Americans benefited more from gratitude expressions compared to Asian Americans 11. What are some ways to increase gratitude? - Keep a daily gratitude journal - Compare the hard times with blessings - Use Naikan (Japanese/Buddihist self-reflection technique): What have I received, What have I given? What troubles or difficulties have I caused? - Use words that express your gratitude: say please and thank you - Make a commitment to engage in gratitude practice - Consider expressing gratitude that experience sense - Use visual reminders to cue to express gratitude - According to Emmons: Gratitude - 1. Celebrates the present, 2. Blocks negative emotions, 3. Gratitude seems to increase one’s resilience, 4. Gratitude seems to increase a sense of self worth 12. Was keeping a gratitude journal positively correlated with exercise? How was it related to sleep? ● Yes, the more exercise the better the sleeping technique is! 13. Does gratitude seem to have a greater effect on children (youth) who already have high positive affect, or those with lower positive effect? ● Youth low in positive affect were able to make greater increases in their level of gratefulness, and had higher positive affect post-intervention. 14. Is gratitude related to complacency and passivity? ● No, in fact is more related to the opposite 15. How might someone increase the chances that he or she will be forgiven for a transgression? - make a sincere apology - Express remorse - Consider making reparations (such as paying back money) 16. What personality trait is most related to the big 5? ● Personality trait associated with increased likelihood of forgiveness is agreeableness. ● High agreeableness associated with an increased likelihood of forgiving 17. How is forgiveness related to age? Culture?

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● The role of age: - Older are willingness to forgive grows - The number of serious transgressions a person experiences and engages tend to decrease as people get older. - In which culture is forgiveness more common? - Japan and China versus US 18. How can forgiveness be cultivated? - Cultivating Forgiveness: - There are programs aimed at teaching people how to forgive (it is trainable) - Balcony et. Al (2009): Forgiveness does not always mean reconciliation - Forgiveness is an on-going process - Self- forgiveness 19. In what situations does forgiveness and self-forgiveness be counterproductive? - Research suggesting that victims of domestic violence were able to forgive their perpetrators were more likely to return to an abusive situation. (Gordon eat al., 2004) - McNulty found that forgiving a violent partner was predictive of continued aggression in a marriage - Wool and Thomson found that smokers who forgave themselves for smoking were less likely to give it up 20. Know the Worthington REACH model: R- Recall the Hurt E- Empathize A- Altruistic Gift of Forgiveness C- Commit Publicly to Forgive H- Hold on to Forgiveness Why some people are more altruistic than others Ted Talk: Abigail Marsh 1. According to the podcast, people who are “psychopaths” are insensitive to the emotions of others. True 2. How do people identified as psychopathic differ from others? They have difficulties reading fearful facial expressions 3. What part of the brain does Mr.Marsh identify as being important in recognizing fear in others? The amygdala 4. How do the brain structure of people identified as psychopathic differ? They have a smaller amygdala 5. Extraordinary altruistics : have larger amygdalas, on average, and are better at recognizing fear in others 6. Another finding about extraordinary altruistics reported is have high humility 7. Research suggests the world is becoming a more humane place. True Heroism is defined as 1. A voluntary act, 2. In the service of another, 3. Involving substantial risk to one’s physical well being, social structure or quality of life and, 4. With no expectation of material or other gains

KNOW SURVEY STUDY!!!! ● What % of the subjects qualified as heroes? 20% ● Urban vs rural ( are heroes were more likely to be in urban or rural environments)? ● Educated vs not as well educated? Educated ● Volunteers vs those who did not volunteer? Volunteer ● Females vs males (does gender matter)? Males are more heroistic than females ● Had survived a disaster versus had not survived a disaster/trauma? Had survived ● Caucasian Americans versus African Americans? (How does race impact being a hero) African Americans are more heroistics than Caucasian Americans Is Gratitude Good for you? 1. Can you train yourself to be more grateful? Yes 2. How is gratitude correlated with illness? One study found that highly grateful people… 10% fewer stress related illness 3. High gratitude is related to 10-16% lower blood pressure. TRUE 4. Grateful people exercise on average? 1.5 hours per week MORE 5. Research suggests that grateful people report they sleep 10% longer than people who are less grateful. TRUE Assignment 10: Gratitude. 1. Research suggests that people who consciously count their blessings tend to be happier and less depressed than those who do not. TRUE 2. In the study conducted by the article’s authors, all 300 participants were in therapy. TRUE 3. Those who wrote letters of gratitude reported… significantly better mental health at 4 and at 12 weeks after their writing exercise ended 4. The researchers conducted that gratitude interventions can replace counseling services in terms of benefitting with their mental health concerns. FALSE 5. Which group had the highest proportion of “we” words? The group that was instructed to write a letter of gratitude 3 times over 3 weeks 6. What explained the mental health gap between the gratitude writing group and the other writing group. The lack of negative emotions 7. Those who didn’t share their letter of gratitude had the same mental health benefits as those who did share their letter. TRUE 8. If you participate in a gratitude writing activity, don’t be too surprised if you don’t feel dramatically better immediately after the writing as it takes awhile for the benefits to kick in. TRUE 9. In a second part of the study, participants had their brains scanned to measure brain activity while people from each group did a “pay it forward” task. What were the findings? All the above are correct 10. When those who wrote the gratitude letters were compared to those who didn’t, the gratitude letters writers showed greater activation in the _____ area of the brain when they experienced gratitude in the fMRI scanner/ medial prefrontal cortex.

Chapter 13: 1. What are the 4 Ds that define abnormal behavior? ● Abnormal behavior: ● D istressing ● D eviant ● D ysfunctional ● D angerous 2. Do we tend to over or underestimate the impact of environmental factors on mental health? What about the role of developmental factors? Individual factors? ● As psychological professionals and laypeople, we tend to underestimate environmental contributions, including culture. ● Over-estimate individual factors, role of “weakness” and negative emotions ● Not fully take into account of developmental contributions 3. What are attributions?

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