Assignment 4-A COMPLETED

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1 ASSIGNMENT 4-A Classical and operant conditioning learning (90 points) Part I: Is it classical or operant conditioning learning? For each of the following examples #1 to 5, indicate if the underlined behavior is learned through classical or operant conditioning. Please also explain your reasoning. (5 points each/25 total) First, for practice, here is a real-life example (with names changed): Ruhi was visiting his grandparents and petting their elderly dog Sacha. Sacha had always been a calm, easy going dog that loved Ruhi and had never exhibited aggression. Yesterday, Sacha had torn a ligament when climbing steps. His undetected injury and failing eyesight probably explain why Sachi badly bit little Ruhi who subsequently needed five stiches in his jaw area. After this happened, Ruhi refused to go into his grandparents’ house until assured that Sacha was secured in his crate . Ruhi was also now fearful of dogs in general. . .especially in houses and dogs of a larger size (like Sacha). Answer: Classical conditioning. Explanation: Ruhi has experienced an unconditioned stimulus – in this case, the trauma of the dog bite. The unconditioned response was pain and fear. Now, he has a conditioned fear (response) to all dogs (conditioned stimuli). Here is a summary of the differences between classical and operant conditioning – operant conditioning (“conditioning” means learning) is a process of learning to “operate” on the environment to maximize rewards and minimize punishments. It is intentional and you are conscious of it. Classical conditioning is our brain’s deep and primal ability to associate things (people, dogs, cars, situations. . . you name it. . .any “stimuli”) that cause a reflex reaction (such as fear/pain during a car accident or dog bite or abuse) with select aspects of the environment of which it was experienced. Thus, we often become afraid of all dogs, not just the dog that bit us, or perhaps now fear dogs that resemble the dog that bit us. We become afraid to drive. We become fearful of relationships or of people or situations that remind us (are associated with) the original abuse. But, both CC and OC forms of learning involve our brain’s wonderous ability to make connections between things or events so we can predict what is about to happen. . .or, at least what we think might happen. . .even it is unlikely). (It is possible that one or more correct answers for the questions below may be either classical or operant conditioning, depending on your explanation. In truth, classical and operant conditioning are often going on at the same time. For example, if little Ruhi avoids Sacha and all dogs that resemble him, his avoidance is reinforced by reduced anxiety. That is operant conditioning. He originally developed the fear through classical conditioning.) 1. Your dog has a habit of chewing on the leg of the table. You want to break him of this habit, so you coat the leg of the table with a pepper solution which burns his mouth slightly when he chews on the table leg. Now your dog avoids the table leg. Answer: Operant conditioning Explanation: The pepper solution burns every time he chews on the leg of the table so he learns every time he does this his mouth will burn, lessening his attraction with chewing on it.

2 2. Your spouse frequently interrupts you and finishes your sentences. This drives you crazy and you want him/her to stop. You try walking away every time you are interrupted. Now, your spouse interrupts you much less often. Answer: Operant Conditioning Explanation: My spouse is learning that when he interrupts my sentences will walk away. 3. When Tim was a boy, he was chased and frightened by a large dog in his neighborhood. Now as an adult, whenever he hears a dog bark, he breaks out in a cold sweat . Answer: Classical Conditioning Explanation: Since he was chased by a large dog as a child that fear of dogs is still deep in his mind as an adult. 4. Eighteen-month old Sorensen is given a bright shiny star sticker every time he goes in the potty. After a week, he is only rarely wetting his pullups. Answer: Operant Conditioning Explanation: Sorenson connected that when he uses the potty he will receive a sticker as a reward associating good with the potty. 5. You and your partner go on a date to the same romantic restaurant every year on your anniversary. Now every time you pass that restaurant, you feel happy and loved . Answer: Classical Conditioning Explanation: My brain has associated that restaurant with a happy memory in my life and now it will always recall that when seeing the restaurant. Part II: Classical Conditioning Elements. For each of the following two examples of classical conditioning, identify the Neutral Stimulus (NS), the Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), Unconditioned Response (UCR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), and Conditioned Response (CR). (10 points each; 20 total)

3 1. Every day last week you fell asleep in front of the TV because you were exhausted from overwork. This week you are caught up on your sleep, but you still feel sleepy every time you sit down to watch TV. NS: Sound of TV UCS: watching TV UCR: sleeping CS: sound of TV CR: falling asleep 2. In the winter, your car often gives you a mild shock whenever you touch the metal frame of the car. The shock causes you to cringe from the pain. It happens so often that now every time you even approach your car, you hesitate and cringe. NS: the car UCS: shock from metal frame UCR: hesitating to approach the car CS: seeing the car CR: hesitation and cringing Part III: More on operant conditioning - reinforcements and punishments. For each of the following examples of operant conditioning, indicate whether a reinforcement or punishment is being used to condition the behavior, AND whether that reinforcement or punishment is positive or negative and why. (9 points each; 45 total) Remember that REINFORCEMENT is designed to make the behavior happen more consistently; PUNISHMENT is designed to decrease or end the behavior. A consequence (whether it is reinforcement or punishment) is POSITIVE if something is given or added as the result of the behavior. The consequence is NEGATIVE if something is taken away as the result of the behavior. 1. You want to teach your son to share his toys more, so you give him a cookie every time he shares. Is it reinforcement or punishment? (3 pts) reinforcement Is it positive or negative? (3 pts) positive What was given or taken away as a consequence of the behavior? (3 pts) Every time he shares his toys he learns he gets a cookie and begins to want that cookie, so shares more often. 2. When your daughter talks back to you and disrespects you, you take away her cell phone for a week.

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4 Is it reinforcement or punishment? (3 pts) punishment Is it positive or negative? (3 pts) negative What was given or taken away as a consequence of the behavior? (3 pts) Every time she disrespects me she is being taught she will lose her phone as a punishment. 3. Jess is in the habit of thinking negative thoughts such as "Life is hard", "I'm a loser", and "Everything I touch is a disaster". To stop thinking this way, she puts a rubber band around her wrist and snaps it every time she catches herself thinking negatively. Is it reinforcement or punishment? (3 pts) punishment Is it positive or negative? (3 pts) positive What was given or taken away as a consequence of the behavior? (3 pts) She is teaching herself to not think negative thoughts so when she does she snaps the rubber band as a punishment. 4. You and your significant other want to learn to be better listeners. As you practice your listening skills, you give your partner kisses and other signs of affection whenever he/she listens attentively to what you say. Is it reinforcement or punishment? (3 pts) Reinforcement Is it positive or negative? (3 pts) Positive What was given or taken away as a consequence of the behavior? (3 pts) Giving kisses and showing affection shows that he will get more affection when he is being a better listener.

5 5. A neighborhood cat uses your garden as a litter box. You cover the garden with a special mulch which feels uncomfortable to the cat's feet, so he stops going into the garden. Is it reinforcement or punishment? (3 pts) punishment Is it positive or negative? (3 pts) positive What was given or taken away as a consequence of the behavior? (3 pts) Since it is uncomfortable to the cats feet, it will discourage him from using my garden as a litter box.

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