LD_Homework Six

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Cincinnati State Technical and Community College *

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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1 Lifespan Psychology Homework six Chapter 3 (modules 3.2 and 3.3/170 points) Please answer the 20 questions below. You may space the questions as needed to complete your answers. Question numbers and point values must be retained. It is recommended that you highlight your answers in colored font. Be sure to save your work, and to submit your completed assignment using the submission link in Blackboard. Part 1: Piaget’s approach to cognitive development 1) Describe how the cognitive processes of assimilation and accommodation increase the quality of children’s knowledge and understanding as they move through one stage of cognitive development to another. (6 points) The cognitive process of assimilation and accommodation increases the quality of children’s knowledge and understanding by helping them adapt to new information and fit that information into the knowledge they already know. Assimilation deals with them adding new information to preexisting schema while accommodation helps them modify an existing schema with new information. 2) Describe how schemas “direct and determine how data from the world, such as new events or objects, are considered and dealt with.” (Refer to the section “Key Elements of Piaget’s Theory”; 5 points) Schemas help children process new information, develop patterns of thought that can adapt as they receive new information, and fit that information into existing schemas as their mental development grows. 3) The purpose of this question is to review Piaget’s model of cognitive development, introduced in chapter one. Here is a good review of the major stages of Piaget’s model https://positivepsychology.com/piaget-stages-theory/ Please write brief summary of what happens in stages one and four (four to six sentences). All stages are listed for easy review. (8 points each/16 total) 1. Sensorimotor (the stage that includes the development of ‘object permanence’) This stage is from birth to 2 years old and involves the infant learning a sense of the world through their sight and hearing as well as touch with reaching and touching. The end of this stage finds the infant has developed object permanence, meaning he or she knows that an object out of sight continues to exist instead of the object disappearing.

2 2. Pre-operational (the stage where symbolic reasoning begins but thinking is still ‘egocentric’) Ages 2 to 7 years, this is when language and symbolic play begins like playing pretend. Child thinks that everyone thinks the same, so they are egocentric in their views. 3. Operational (the stage where more sophisticated ‘operational’ thought and ‘conservation’ develop) This where children become less egocentric and apply logical rules to physical objects. This is usually ages 7 to 11 years old. Abstract thought deepens. 4. Formal operations (the stage where abstract thinking emerges) Ages 12 and plus where children use more sophisticated rules for logic. The begin to use different thought patterns to figure out the world and abstract thinking is emerging. 4) There are six substages to the sensorimotor period of development. What behaviors might you witness that demonstrate a particular stage? Please do not use the examples in Table 3-5. (4 points each/24 total) Simple reflexes: Infant will close their hand around a finger when touched. First habits and primary circular reactions: Infant will reach for pacifier and suck on it when they put it in their mouth. Secondary circular reactions: Infant may crawl around on the floor, finding debris on the floor and play with it. Coordination of secondary circular reactions: Baby may pull blanket away from something it is covering in order to see it. Tertiary circular reactions: Infant may throw food while eating to see how far it goes or what it lands on. Beginnings of thought: Children playing hide and seek know to seek each other and when to hide. 5) What did Piaget believe about “ gradualism ”? (6 points) Piaget believed that as the child moves through each stage of cognitive development there is a steady behavior that shifts gradually.

3 Part 2: Information processing, memory, and intelligence in infants 6) Describe each of the three main stages of information processing . (3 points each/9 total) Stage one: Where information is recorded in a form usable to memory. Stage two: When information is stored for future use. Stage three: Where stored information is recovered and used. 7) On page 125 the textbooks states “ Explicit and implicit memories emerge at different rates and involve different parts of the brain.” Please explain the difference between explicit and implicit memory. (4 points) Explicit memory is conscious and can be recalled intentionally while implicit memory consists of motor skills that can be remembered without effort such as a basic skill such as climbing stairs. Part 3: Language 8) Your textbook states that language relates to the way we think about and understand the world. Describe three formal characteristics of language that must be mastered to achieve language competence. (3 points each/9 total) First: Phonology: the basic sounds of language that can be combined to produce words. Second: Morphemes: the smallest language unit that has meaning. Third: Semantics: the rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences.

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4 9) What is the purpose of prelinguistic communication (look in the section “Early Sounds and Communication)? What are two examples of this? (2 points each/6 total) Purpose: To communicate through sounds, facial expressions, imitation, gestures. First example: Mimicking the infant and infant doing it back to you. Second example: When infants start to babble, engage them in “conversation”, pretend you know what they are saying. 10) Three main stages of language development are described on page 131 (in the section “Early Sounds and Communication”). Please give a brief description of each. Be sure to include the words in bold type. (5 points each/15 total) Babbling: Holophrases , where one word will stand for a whole phrase and its meaning depends on a particular context. First words: Telegraphic speech which is when meaningless words are left out of a sentence, usually during the toddler stage. First sentences: Underextending which is using words restrictively, common in children who freshly have mastered language. 11) What is the difference between an ‘expressive’ and ‘referential style’ of speech? (4 points) Referential style speech : words are used to label objects Expressive style speech : words used are expressive to talk about people's feelings and needs. Part 4: Sociability 12) How do stranger and separation anxiety relate to advancing cognition? (4 points) Stranger and separation anxiety relates to advancing cognition because it tells us that the baby’s

5 memory is developing, and they are now able to separate people into categories of people they know and people they do not know. 13) Please explain how each of the three phenomena relate to social development. (4 points each/12 total) Smiling: This relates to social development because their smiles begin to be directed toward particular people instead of smiling at everyone they see; smiling is also used to communicate positive emotions. Decoding facial expressions: This relates to social development because infants can interpret facial and vocal expressions and the specific meaning they carry. Social referencing: This relates to social development because children can clarify the meaning of a situation and are understanding of the significance of others behavior. 14) What are two pieces of evidence for an infant’s developing self-awareness and empathy? (4 points each/8 total) Self-awareness: Observes how their behavior affects others and how they respond to understand other's behavior. Empathy: Observing the care and concern that they have towards another person. 15) What is self- awareness? (3 points) Self-awareness is when you are aware of and acknowledge yourself. 16) How is self-awareness tested in infants? (3 points) Place a red dot on the child’s nose, place them in front of a mirror, when they acknowledge themselves in the mirror.

6 17) Give a brief description for the four main attachment patterns of infants. (4 points each/12 total) Secure: Child is attached to mother but not overly, mother can leave and return without causing negative reaction. Avoidant attachment pattern: When children don't seek proximity to the mother; after the mother leaves and returns the child will avoid her as if they are angry with her presence. Ambivalent attachment pattern: A combination of positive and negative reaction to their mother. Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern. Disorganized-disoriented attachment pattern: When children show inconsistent, contradictory, and confused behavior toward their mother. Part 5: Personality development 18) Please give a brief description of the three main temperament categories of infants. (4 points each/12 total) Easy babies: Positive disposition, body functions operate regularly, and they adapt to changes easily. Difficult babies: Negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations. Slow-to-warm babies: Inactive and show calm reactions to their environment. 19) Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development proposes that self and interpersonal understanding changes throughout life in eight distinct stages. Give a brief description of the two stages that occur during infancy. (6 points each/12 total)

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7 Trust verses mistrust stage: This stage occurs between birth and 1 year of age. Child learns to trust their caregivers and depend on them, so the quality of care is crucial. If this is not done, they will learn to mistrust adults. Autonomy versus shame and doubt stage: This stage takes place during early childhood and is focused on children developing a greater sense of personal control. Letting the child make choices gives them a better sense of control and a sense of autonomy. 20) How does the concept of “goodness of fit” relate to how a child adapts to the environment? (4 points) “ Goodness of fit” refers to how a child and their unique characteristics adapt to their environment, suggesting some temperaments are more adaptive than others.