Pysch Presentations

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Middlesex County College *

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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Disorder: Autism Causes: A person can only have the disorder if they are born with it. Having certain conditions such as genetic or chromosomal like fragile X syndrome or tuberous sclerosis, also experiencing complications during birth or being born to older parents are all complications that could lead to being born with Autism. Symptoms: There are 3 different stages of autism. Level one needs support and the patients social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors are only noticeable without support. Level two needs substantial support and patients' social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors are still obvious to the casual observer, even with support in place. Level three needs very substantial support and patients' social and communication skills and repetitive behaviors severely impair daily life. Treatments: There is no cure. One way to combat it is called stimming where a person can take an object and hyperfixate on playing with it to make them focus. Another way is through an early intervention when a diagnosed child is seen by a doctor at an early age and is taught how to improve behavior,skills, and language development.

Disorder:Obsessive Compulsive Disorder(OCD) What is OCD? - OCD is a common, chronic disorder where people have uncontrollable recurring thoughts(Obsession) and/ or behaviors(compulsions) that people have the feeling to repeat over and over again. There are two parts of OCD Obsession and Compulsions. Obsessions are thoughts and Compulsions are actions. Obsessions are repeated thoughts, urges, or mental images.Which is known to cause anxiety in a person. Thoughts include fear of germs or contamination, harm or aggressive thoughts towards oneself or others, unwanted or forbidden taboo thoughts, and having things symmetrical or in perfect order. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that a person with OCD feels the need to do to respond to an intrusive thought. Actions include excessive cleaning/handwashing, ordering/arranging things in a certain way, repeatedly checking things,and compulsive counting. Types of OCD are contamination/cleaning obsessions, harm obsessions, obsessions without compulsions, symmetry/ordering compulsions, and Hoarding.

Contamination/cleaning Obsession ● This focuses on a feeling of discomfort regarding contamination.It is also associated with washing or cleaning compulsions ● To reduce stress and anxiety associated with this OCD you may wash or clean excessively to reduce the feelings of distress ● An example is you may feel like your hand is dirty from touching a doorknob or worry you may contaminate others with your germs. To regulate this distress, you may wash your hands repeatedly for hours at a time Harm Obsessions ● The intense thoughts related to possible harm to yourself or others, this is associated with checking rituals. ● To reduce the feelings of distress, you may have checking rituals that you complete to reduce feelings of distress ● An example is you may imagine your house burning down. To combat this, you may drive past your house multiple times to ensure there is no fire Obsessions without visual compulsions ● Relates to the unwanted obsessions surrounding sexual, religious, or aggressive themes.You could

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experience intrusive thoughts about being a rapist or causing harm to someone. ● To combat this a person may use mental rituals to relieve the anxiety felt when you have these involuntary thought ● An example is you may imagine your car driving through a crowd of people. Before you start to drive, you may say a phrase that calms this image in your head Symmetry Obsession ● Associated with ordering or arranging objects until they are just right. People with this OCD often experience ordering, arranging, and counting compulsions ● An example is someone may believe that if you arrange the materials on your desk in a strategic and perfect manner, then your husband will not die in a car accident Hoarding ● Obsessively hoard objects with the fear that they may need it one day ● People with this also have the obsessional fear of losing items that may be needed one day ● An example is a person might think they should keep an excessive amount of bike tires because the fear of

needing replacement bike tires in the future Causes of OCD: The exact cause is unknow but the factors are believed to be genetics, brain structure, and environment. Treatment: Psychotherapy- using verbal communications and interactions to treat mental conditions. It focuses on analyzing dreams, emotions, actions, and instinctual demands. Such as cognitive behavioral therapy that helps to identify negative behavior and helps replace them with positive behaviors. Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors(SRI) is commonly used to improve symptoms. SRI’s effect by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin into the neurotransmitter, limiting the messages that pass from neuron to neuron. It can take 8-12 weeks for the medication to take effect Disorder: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder(PTSD) What is PTSD?- an anxiety disorder caused by a severely traumatic or upsetting event.This results in recurring memories or flashbacks, nightmares, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event. Possible causes ● Military Veterans

● Rescue Workers ● Sexual Assault ● Domestic abuse ● Intense losses ● Intense physical events(car crashes,fires,shootings,earthquakes) Symptoms ● Recurring memories ● Emotional distress or physical reactions ● Flashbacks ● Avoids Talking about the event ● Nightmares ● Avoids people,places, or activities ● Negative thoughts about yourself or the world ● Always being on guard ● Difficulty maintaining close relationships ● Trouble sleeping and concentrating ● Feeling emotionally numb ● Irritability and aggression Treatment Primarily talking therapy. This allows the patient to confront their feelings and allows a professional to help them through the PTSD. May use cognitive behavioral therapy which forces patients to describe the trauma in detail. Medications are Paroxetine and Sertraline. Both are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs).

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Disorder: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) Causes: Genetic Component and environmental risks such as hostility between child and parents, low income families, and potentially lead. Symptoms ● Careless mistakes in school ● Trouble holding attention ● Inattentive when spoken to ● Fails to follow instruction and fail to finish task ● Difficulty priortizing tasks ● Hates tasks that require mental work ● Looses everything ● Easily distracted ● Fidgety ● Bounces off the walls ● Cant be quiet ● Blurts out answers ● Cant wait their turn ● Interrupts ● Intrudes ● Higher tendency towards addiction Treatment: Behavior Therapy and Adderall Disorder:Panic Disorder

Causes: an imbalance of neurotransmitters in the brain, response to stress or dangerous situations, may be hereditary Symptoms ● Anxiety ● Panic Attacks ● Racing Heartbeat ● Sweating ● Feeling Faint ● Nausea ● Chest Pain ● Chills ● Hot Flashes Treatment Therapy and different antidepressant medications could be used such as SSRI or for severe anxiety such as pregabalin or clonazepam Disorder: Hypochondriasis What is it? - a mental disorder that makes you have an over-anxious fear of germs and sickness.An unwarranted fear that you may have a serious disease. Misinterpreting normal body sensations for illnesses or injuries.

Causes: Having had a long term childhood disease,having a friend or family members sickness affect them,abuse, and neglect. Symptoms ● Thoughts about serious illness ● Seeking unneeded medical attention ● Changing doctors ● Internet scouring ● Trouble sleeping ● Trouble with family/ social life due to worry about illness or injury ● Anxiety Treatment Cognitive Behavioral Therapy which improves patient wellbeing and eliminates patient fears, antidepressants such as ADHD meds, psychotherapy which helps stress management and exposure therapy. Disorder: Dissociative Identity Disorder(DID) Causes: Sexual or Physical abuse during childhood,response to natural disasters, or traumatic events such as combat.it is a way to distance or detach from the trauma.

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Symptoms ● Two or more identities ● Anxiety ● Delusions ● Depression ● Disorientation ● Drug or Alcohol Abuse ● Memory loss ● Suicidal thoughts or self harm Treatment Psychotherapy, group or family therapy, hypnotherapy is a form of guided meditation and may help people recover repressed memories Disorders: Tourette's Syndrome What is it?- A neurological disorder that may cause sudden unwanted and uncontrolled rapid and repeated movements or vocal sounds called tics Causes: Combination of genetics, environmental factors, and chemicals in the brain transmit nerve impulses including dopamine and serotonin. Symptoms Tics

Treatment Trying to control tics through focusing on one thing or task to complete which involves instructions,thinking, or creativity. Disorder: Bipolar Disorder Causes: Physical changes in the brain,family history, childhood trauma, stressful life events, medication and drugs and alcohol. Symptoms ● Excessive happiness ● Sudden and severe changes in mood ● Restlessness ● Rapid speech and racing thoughts ● Increased energy and less need for sleep ● Increased impulsivity and poor judgment ● Making grand and unattainable plans ● Reckless behavior ● Feeling powerful ● Hallucinations and delusions ● Overwhelming sadness ● Low energy ● Lack of motivation ● Feelings of worthlessness ● Uncontrollable crying

● Irritability ● Increased need for sleep ● Insomnia or excessive sleep ● Change in appetite ● Thoughts of death or suicide Treatment Therapy,Medications-mood stabilizers and antipsychotic and antidepressant, Electroconvulsive therapy involves transmitting electrical impulses into the brain, education on the disorder, coping strategies:coloring, exercising, journaling, rehab facilities, and support Disorder: Dependent Personality Disorder Causes: Early childhood event such as abuse, chronic illness, abandonment, abusive relationships, and social behaviors that emphasizes reliance on authority.It can be passed down from family history. Symptoms ● Avoidance of being alone ● Difficulty making decisions by themself ● Extreme fear of abandonment ● Unable to disagree with others ● Needing constant reassure/validation

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Treatment Medication, therapy, and support Disorder: Eating Disorders What is it? - Mental illnesses that could be life threatening. A person with the disorder have disturbed thoughts in relation to eating,food, and his or her body Anorexia Symptoms ● Fear of gaining weight ● Distorted body image ● Denial of being underweight ● Consistent and relentless pursuit of thinness ● Dizziness,fainting,fatigue Treatment ● Psychotherapy ● A dietitian ● A nasogastric tube(serious case) Binge Eating Symptoms ● Binge eating an uncomfortable amount of food ● Lack of control when binge eating ● No use of purge behaviors Treatment

● Topiramate, an anticonvulsant ● Antidepressants ● Psychotherapy ● A dietitian Bulimia Nervosa Symptoms ● Episodes of intense binge eating ● Fear of gaining weight despite being a normal weight ● Inappropriate purging behaviors to avoid gaining weight Treatment ● Fluoxetine ● Dietitian ● Psychotherapy Causes Genetics, Dieting, Environmental issues, Psychological and Emotional issues Disorder: Major Depression What is it? - A mood disorder that cause a persistent feling of sadness and loss of interest Causes Abuse,genes,substance abuse,brain chemistry, and major events

Symptoms ● Feeling hopelessness ● Insomnia or sleeping too much ● Lack of energy ● Reduced appetite and weight loss or increased appetite and weight gain ● Anxiety ● Guilt ● Trouble thinking Treatment Antidepressants such as SSRI’s that increase levels of serotonin in the brain, Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors which change brain chemistry, and Tricyclics and related drugs which increase the concentration of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft.Therapy which can pinpoint the cause and find a solution and group therapy. Disorder: Antisocial Disorder Causes Genes, abuse, neglect, and changes in the way the brain functions. Symptoms ● Not being respectful to others ● Lack of empathy

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● Lack of guilt ● Lack of remorse ● Impulsivity ● Criminal behavior ● Depression ● Hostility ● Harming others with no guilt ● Dangerous activity ● Irresponsibility Treatments Psychotherapy and medications to help with symptoms of depression or anxiety. Disorder: Phobic Disorder What is it? - An irrational fear of an object or situation that poses little or no danger. It lasts more than 6 months and causes a difference in how you live your life Causes Past traumatic events,learned responses from past, genetic, and environmental factors. Symptoms ● Accelerated heartrate ● Sweating

● Shortness of breath ● Nausea or vomiting ● Panic attacks ● Chest pain ● Dizzy ● Hot or cold flushes ● Numbness,tingling, or goosebumps ● Shaking Treatment Cognitive behavioral therapy is an effort to chance a thinking pattern by using exposure therapy, relaxation techniques, tension technique, and medication Disorder: Dysthymic Disorder What is it? - A low mood the occurs for at least two years and include symptoms of depression Causes Chemical imbalances in the brain, genetics,biological,environmental, and psychological factors Symptoms ● Long lasting feelings of sadness and anxiety ● Feeling”empty”

● Change in appetite ● Struggling to concentrate and stay focused ● Low self esteem ● Change in sleep patterns Treatments Medication and therapy. Cognitive therapy is most used in order to change views on yourself and your environment. It helps with management of stress and relationships. Disorder:Borderline Personality Disorder(BPD) What is it? - A mental illness that greatly impacts the person's ability to have control over their emotions. It can affect the way you look at yourself and will cause many issues in everyday life. Causes: genetics and imbalance of chemicals in the brain Symptoms ● Impulsivity ● Continuous feel of emptiness ● Intense anger ● Mood swings ● Risky decisions ● Self sabotage ● Dissociation ● Struggle with relationships

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● Fear of abandonment ● Self image not knowing who you are or if you exist This is a personality disorder while bipolar is a mood disorder Treatment Psychotherapy- using verbal communication and interaction, Medications- antidepressants, antipsychotics, or mood stabilizers, and hospitalization for their own safety. Disorder: Avoidant Personality Disorder What is it? - Extreme shyness and rejection Causes Genetics Family history of any personality disorders Environmental factors Tramua Having other mental health conditions Symptoms ● Low self esteem ● Tendency to hide ● Inability to form stable relationships

● Overly sensitive ● Fear of public speaking ● Fear of rejection ● Fear of changes ● Obsession on dwelling on criticism Treatment Medications - Antidepressants or anti-anxiety, psychodynamic - helps to reveal unconscious thoughts to understand how the past affects how you act, and cognitive behavioral therapy Disorder:Schizoid Personality Disorder What is it? - Detachment in relationships and limits emotional expression. People tend to speak clearly. Symptoms ● Prefer being alone ● Difficulty expressing emotions ● Emotionally cold ● May seem humorless ● May seem unconcerned ● Lack of motivation/goals ● No desire for relationships Causes Genetics and environment

Treatment Psychotherapy- a therapist listens to your needs and struggles to help form closer relationships,group therapy, and there are no specific drugs but there are for depression and anxiety Disorder: Dissociative Fugue What is it? - People flee and create a new life unknown to them Causes A defense mechanism from stress, traumatic events, and more likely if someone has amnesia and dissociative personality disorder Treatment Psychotherapy, recovered memory therapy, and therapy to merge personalities and anxiety medications Disorder: Amnesia What is it? - The inability to remember. Not recognizing important people in your life or places. Causes Concussion, seizures, stroke, tumors, high fever,

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emotional stress, drugs and alcohol, diseases that deteriorate nerve tissue and not enough oxygen in the brain Symptoms ● Struggling to learn new info ● Trouble remembering past events and other familiar info ● Short term memory loss ● Confusion ● False memories Treatment No meds for the disorder but for underlying issues, setting reminders to remember schedules, and occupational therapy- memory training, learning new info, replacing what was lost, using intact memories to help new ones form. Disorder: Schizophrenia Causes: Genetics, brain chemistry, and environmental factors Symptoms ● Delusions ● Hallucinations

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● Disorganized thinking or speaking ● Abnormal motor behavior ● Lack of emotion ● Loss of interest ● Social withdrawn ● Inability to feel pleasure Treatments Not curable, antipsychotics, psychotherapy/ cognitive therapy, acupuncture, psychosocial treatments.

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