Test 3

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Western Governors University *

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D094

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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5

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What are the nine steps to collecting data for the assessment process? Informed consent Interview Observation Collecting outside data from sources Informal Assessment Formal Assessment Data Analysis Report Writing Recommendations What factors should you consider before using a test? Purposes of testing Characteristics of tests Settings and conditions of test use Roles of test selectors, administrators, scorers, and interpreters What is a formal assessment? Standardized with structured materials, uniform administration procedures, consistent scoring and interpretation methods and strong psychometrics. Ex: Stanford-Binet, Kaufman What is an informal assessment? Instruments and strategies that are developed without proven validity and reliability; no standardized administration, scoring procedures or interpretation. Ex: Questionnaires, teacher/counselor made tests What are informal observations? Raw notes Anecdotal records What are some formal observations? Rating scales Event recording Duration recording What are the five methods of recording behaviors? Event recording (frequency recording); how often a behavior happens, count each occurence
Duration recording; how long a behavior occurs Rating scales; describe/evaluates specific behaviors Time sampling (interval recording); records whether the behavior took place or not during each time interval Anecdotal records; brief yet detailed narrative of individuals behavior recorded after the behavior occurs What is the purpose of an interview? To gather relevant background information. What are the three types of interviews? (Degree of Structure) STRUCTURED; less flexible, standardized, set list of questions, no deviation from answers UNSTRUCTURED; very flexible informal assessment, most commonly used in mental health settings, primary goal is to obtain relevant client information SEMI-STRUCTURED; more flexible than structured, not completely standardized, interviewer probes and expands on responses, has specific questions Domains of unstructured interviews Identifying information Presenting problem Family history Relationship history Developmental history Educational history Employment history Medical history Previous psychiatric or counseling history What are the Guidelines for Interviews? Be concerned about the setting/environment of interview Explain the purpose and how session will proceed Describe confidential nature and limits of confidentiality
Abide by administration procedures for standardized semi-structured and structured interviews Begin with open ended questions and use more direct questions to fill in the gaps in unstructured interviews Be alert to nonverbal, as well as verbal behaviors of interviewee What does testing refer to? A way of measuring various individual attributes such as cognitive functioning, knowledge, skills, abilities, or personality traits. What is the purpose of test? Screening Classifying or diagnosing Selecting or placing Assisting in intervention or treatment planning; course of action Progress and outcome evaluation; is the treatment working? Hypothesis testing in research studies; do the tests work? What is classification? Assigning a person to one category rather than another. What is diagnosing? A detailed analysis of an individuals strengths and weaknesses with the general goal of arriving at a classification decision. What is observation? Monitoring the actions of others or oneself and recording what is observed. What are the different types of observation? FORMAL/INFORMAL; Structured/standardized instruments for recording data vs. less structured with elaborated summary DIRECT/INDIRECT; First hand account vs. second hand report of behaviors NATURAL/CONTRIVED SETTINGS; Natural environment vs. theoretical situations that mimic natural environment, Ex: classroom vs. play therapy
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UNOBTRUSIVE/PARTICIPANT; no interaction between client and observer vs observer watching and interacting with client Maximum-Performance Tests Test takers respond on the basis of correctness; achievement tests. Typical-Performance Tests Test takers respond on the basis of opinions and preferences; personality tests. Verbal Tests Relies on language usage, oral or written. Nonverbal Tests Little or no language uses, test takers respond to items nonverbally. What was the first field of psychology to use tests? Clinical What is statistics? A numerical representation of information. Statistical Methods Quantifying and applying numbers to data in order to organize, summarize, and analyze information. Descriptive Statistics Helps us with describing what has occurred; allows for evaluation and comparison of observations. Inferential statistics Allows us to speculate about what cannot be directly observed or measured. Variable
Anything that can take on more than one value. Types of variables Quantitative; numerical value, Ex: test scores Qualitative; nonnumerical in value, Ex: gender Continuous; quantitative and can be subdivided, asks how much, Ex: height/weight Discrete; quantitative and cannot be subdivided, asks how many, Ex: household head count Observable; can be observed and directly measured, Ex: walking Latent; cannot be observed but inferred from observable data, Ex: depression Population A large group of people. Sample Randomly selected group from the population. Magnitude A measure of moreness of a given quantity; more than, less than, equal to. Equal Intervals The distant between two points the same as the distance between two other points separated by the same number of units; not used in testing.

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