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Toronto Metropolitan University *

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SELF 104

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Psychology

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Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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1. Depersonalization,  loss of an intimate sense of ownership of one's conscious experiences/a sense of unreality of the external world. “Research suggests that areas of the brain that are key to emotional and physical sensations, such as the amygdala and the insula , [interoceptive and exteroceptive] appear to be less responsive in chronic depersonalization sufferers. You might become less empathetic; your pain threshold might increase. These numbing effects mean that it’s commonly conceived as a defense mechanism ; Hunter calls it a “psychological trip switch” which can be triggered in times of stress.” 2. mineness, Depersonalization: Loss of mine-ness or “painful absence of feeling” - Sense of ownership, richness or familiarity of sensations is missing or impoverished. The sense of mental and bodily ownership. "I have a sense of myself as long as I have a sense of ownership for some of my mental states." 3. derealization, experiences of unreality or detachment with respect to surroundings when the subjects or the person say they do not feel that the world’s external to them is real, They don’t feel real to themselves – amygdala and insula goes though abnormal activities 4. amygdala, Amygdala activity: genes(polymorphism: S-allele ) predispose abnormal neuronal activity in specific stressful environments/situations = genetic-neural predisposition [ Amygdala- related emotions, can no longer be regulated that impede normal functioning of emotion- collaborated to over activity of AMYGDALA -hyperactive-- genetic predisposition] then hyperactive amygdala malfunction in may not fuction ideally in certain environment- STRESS the exact mechanism unknow Research suggests that areas of the brain that are key to emotional and physical sensations, such as the amygdala and the insula , [interoceptive and exteroceptive] - two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; a region specifically involved in processing emotions. Been associated with negative emotions. Hyperactive in depression. When it reacts abnormally, it may be a risk factor for depression. 5. insula, regions of cortex located at the junction of the frontal and temporal lobes. Gives rise to a "mental image of one's physical state" Provides the basis for subjective awareness of emotional feelings.  The right insula’s neural activity is low during depression, and normal in healthy subjects  A subjective feeling of “material me” or “bodily me” It interprets or re-represents interoceptive input from the spinal cord, through hypothalamus, and thalamo- cortical pathway to the right insula - A subjective feeling of “material me” or “bodily me” • It interprets or re-represents interoceptive input from the spinal cord, through hypothalamus, and thalamo-cortical pathway to the right insula Insula : seems to mediate the attentional balance between internal and external inputs - Receives (interoceptive) input from subcortical regions and the five senses: auditory, tactile, gustatory, somatosensory & olfactory

- mediates (as a subjective feeling) our bodily relation with our interoceptive and exteroceptive environments - Judy: the shift is to interoceptive input (brain-self relationship) and isolation from exteroceptive input Depression : In tone detection test: insular and auditory cortices showed lower activity 6. psychological trip switch, 7. ego trick, “Ego or identity disturbance”: alternative identity: the son of Albert Einstein “Theravadin Buddhist tradition, which are anicca , or impermanence ; dukkha , or dissatisfaction ; and anatta , or not-self . Shinzen Young, a Buddhist teacher working with the department of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, refers to depersonalization as “enlightenment’s evil twin.” 8. anicca, ( impermanence ) one of the Three Marks of Existence; the Buddhist doctrine that all existent things are constantly changing 9. dukkha, The first of the Four Noble Truths, the basic Buddhist insight that suffering is part of the human condition.-- dissatifaction 10. anatta, One of the Three Marks of Existence; the Buddhist doctrine denying a permanent self. – non- self 11. emotion, A subclass of perceptions that may have their origin in either the body or the soul. A class of feelings that must be distinguished from mere sensation and proprioception-- one's own, individual perception--by their experience. 12. emotional feeling,  The subjective experience and conscious awareness of emotions. It is the feeling you experience . • Emotional feelings are embodied : sensorimotor and behavioral output • James-Lange theory : feelings are perceptions of physiological changes in body - Anxiety: racing heart Depression: abnormal somatic perception of body and interoceptive input as pain and anxiety, while heart rate is normal. 13. the neural correlates of emotion, The neural activity in various subcortical regions of the brain has been associated with specifically (amygdala) negative emotions such as sadness- and that very same region has also been observed to be hyperactive in depression. Positive emotions such as happiness have been linked to other subcortical regions (the striatum) that are closely linked to reward 14. Darwin, Believed that motor behaviours such as facial expressions and posture convey an organism's response to events and to object in the environment. 15. James-Lange theory, Defined feelings as perceptions for physiological changes in the body, thus basing them on sensorimotor and vegetative functions

16. sensorimotor, Seems to be involved in constituting and expressing emotional feelings and emotions. 17. vegetative functions, bodily processes most directly concerned with maintenance of life. Feelings are perceptions of physiological changes in the body, based on 18. Damasio, Damasio : emotional feelings represent how the brain generates subjective feelings based on first-order representations. This tells us more about the brain than the brain’s relations to its immediate environment . feelings not directly related to body Believes the the brain is meta-represented and may be identified as a cognitive self. Considers emotion and feeling to be in close relation to the perception of bodily changes. The processing of the emotion in particular regions assigns the feeling of an emotion. Associates emotional feelings with the reprocessing or second-order processing of the bodily input. 19. first-order neural structures, Physiological bodily changes such as fluctuations in heart rate are reported to be registered in specific regions in the deeper parts of the sub cortex. The generation of an emotion, the "having an emotion" Includes the brainstem and midbrain regions, and the amygdala. unconscious ) Emotions : first-order neural representations in brainstem and midbrain (e.g., periaqueductal gray, tectum, amygdala ) of bodily inputs to brain 20. second-order neural structures, conscious emotional feelings ) second-order representations: cingulate gyrus, thalamic nuclei, somatosensory cortex, superior colliculi. The second-order representations assign conscious feelings or “feeling of emotion” For that subjective experience to occur, the neural activity in the subcortical regions, needs to be incorporated and reprocessed by other brain regions. Allow us to perceive what has been registered about the physiological somatic changes taking place in first-order neural structures. Includes the cingulate gyrus, thalamic nuclei, the somatosensory cortex, and the superior colliculi. 21. two-stage process of emotions, Damasio’s theory: two–stage processing A generation of an emotion, having an emotion, when processing the body's input in the brain. That input remains completely unconscious and is therefore not associated with an emotional feeling. In order for consciousness and thus a feeling to be assigned to the primarily unconscious emotion, the initial neural activity needs to be reprocessed in other regions. 22. Panksepp, Assumes that the neural activity in the first-order structures is already, by itself, associated with emotional feelings. "No such distinctions exists in the brain" Any input from body and world into brain directly leads to emotion feelings. Emotional feelings signify the world-brain relation such that we continuously experience the world and its relationship to our brain in our emotional feelings. First-order neuronal representations: enough to trigger emotional feelings - Somatic and environmental input linked to motor output Any neuronal representation based on sensory input from body and environment generates feelings feelings directly related to body and vegetative states • emotional feelings represent the relation between brain, body and world.

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- Feelings are existential (e.g., pandemic) 23. primary subcortical regions, Any changes in body and environment induce neural activity changes in _____ that are related to emotional feelings. Thalamus, Amygdala, Striatum, Periaqueductal Gray, 24. dasein, Emotional feeling would be existential, as they signify our existence within the world. Emotional feelings are existential in that they always occur against the backdrop of the world, the being-in-the-world 25. Heidegger, Dasein: our being is existential in a given world Wrote about "Being-in-the-World" and "Dasein" or being there (presence). Pointed out that emotional feelings are a key to the world. Sketch a view of emotional feelings that is compatible with the neurophilosopical insights. • We are “beings in time” or our existence is temporal (Heidegger) • Our (healthy) brains(resting-state) mediate self-continuity and world-based time - The reverse spells pathology 26. Schachter and Singer, Arousal in context Argue that emotions are simply a class of feelings that must be distinguished from mere sensation and proprioception--one's own, individual perception--by their experience. Researchers who conducted an experiment that administered drugs to subject and analyzed their emotional feelings. (1962): epinephrine + actors (context) determine emotional state or emotions 27. arousal, Autonomic, or involuntary, bodily changes, unspecific reactions that do now allow distinguishing between discrete emotions. 28. Rolls and Ledoux, Argue that primarily the brain constructs an emotion, which is then taken up by cognitive functions. Assume a two-stage process with a distinction between emotion and emotional feeling, the latter building upon the former. Associate the second process with cognitive functions. 29. working memory, Abstract cognitive function. Crucial for consciousness. Involved in memorizing the series of numbers you want to enter into your cell phone and is related to particular regions in the brain, such as the prefrontal cortex. Remain more or less irrelevant to that identity. Cognitive: higher-order processing (in prefrontal and parietal lobes) lifts unconscious neuronal processing(e.g., amygdala) to consciousness via cognitive functions, such as working memory, language and attention 30. cognitive function, involves memory, thinking, reasoning, ability to understand, judgment, and behavior. Associated with emotional feelings.

Further elaborate the objective emotions in such way that they are associated with a subjective feeling, the emotional feeling. Evaluate and appraise the contents in different ways 31. higher-order processing, Essential for the occurrence of consciousness and consequently for the emergence of emotional feelings. The idea is that some types of learning require more cognitive processing than others, but also have more generalized benefits. 32. appraisal theory of emotions, The different kinds of emotional feelings reflect our appraisal processes and their associated cognitive functions. Reflects the higher-order cognitive functions of the brain and its inner elaboration rather than the brain's relation to the world 33. interoceptive awareness, the ability to identify, access, understand, and respond appropriately to the patterns of internal signals. Emotional feelings were characterized by sensorimotor functions and were seen closely related to one's perception of one's body. Emotional feelings are neither in the body nor can they be reduced to perception of the body as mediated by neural activity in the brain. 34. SACC-DACC, Suprarenal anterior cingulate cortex to dorsal regions. Neural activity in interoceptive stimuli processing. Represent autonomic and visceral responses that are transferred from the spinal cord through the midbrain, hypothalamus, and the thalamic-cortical pathway to the right insular cortex. 35. Bud Craig, Assumes the right insula to be crucially involved: It receives autonomic and visceral input from lower centers and reprocesses the interoceptive body state in an integrated way. He believes that the right insula provides the basis for subjective awareness of emotional feeling and one's self as material me 36. right insula, Represent autonomic and visceral It receives autonomic and visceral input from lower centers and reprocesses the interoceptive body state in an integrated way. Provides the basis for subjective awareness of emotional feeling and one's self as material me. 37. material me, Subjective Awareness of emotional feeling 38. interoceptive and exteroceptive attention, Heartbeat increased activity in the right insula. Whereas exteroceptive attention to the tone suppressed activity in the very same region. 39. inter-exteroceptive balance, Neural activity changes assumed to be specific for interoceptive awareness thus reflect a relation or dynamic balance between inter- and exteroceptive processing rather than isolated interoceptive stimulus process independent of exteroceptive stimulus processing. - There is a synchrony between the two : the balance tilts as our attention or awareness tilts, or shifts, between interoceptive and exteroceptive content (e.g., Judy) - Emotional feelings : a representation of the relation of neurocognitive, intero- and exteroceptive inputs

- Mediated by the brain but not reduced to the brain only An EF is our relation to the world and ourselves at the same time 40. somatoform disorder, Patients experience physical, somatic symptoms that cannot be traced to any underlying medical condition. Show strong somatic symptoms with the subjective perception of pain, pounding heartbeat, despite the lack of any objective abnormalities - Judy: the shift is to interoceptive input (brain-self relationship) and isolation from exteroceptive input - Depression : In tone detection test: insular and auditory cortices showed lower activity =Judy’s self-focus and isolation. Somatoform and depressed patients have similar symptoms without underlying objective factors 41. relational self in relation to emotions, Aspects of the self associated with one's relationships with significant others, emotion are contribute to our relations to others within the environment. 42. existential feelings, Emotional feelings are existential in that they always occur against the backdrop of the world, the being-in-the-world. This is why a deep and basic alteration of emotional, like depression, affects the person's experience of his or her very existence and relation to the world. Separation, belonging, power, control, anxiety. Characterize different relations to the world. 43. being in the world,  Emotional feelings are existential in that they always occur against the backdrop of the world, 44. schizophrenia, a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression. Social disconnection; the "normal relation to the world is disrupted" The integration within the world, the world-brain relation is altered, disrupted, and lost. Social withdrawal at a young age, loners in childhood, preferring to play alone. Social stress. Loss of common sense. • Brain, body, and world input confusion • Genetic factors: family - Not clear on the exact markers • Biological, developmental(18-25 years old-outbreak) and environmental factors • “deafferentiated” from environment - Dominated by internal content, like clinical depression “ Loss of common sense ” 45. raphe nucleus,  Serotonin originates in the subcortical brain region. 46. lived body, The objective physical body plus the way we subjectively experience that very same body, can be altered in depression. It is from the inside of the body, as the person subjectively experiences his or her own body. The subjective nature makes mental features possible and may be key to understanding how the

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mind is generated and what it is. An effect of what philosophers like to call mind rather than its origin. Some argue that the mind is the lived body (Christoff et al., 2011)- through the subjective nature of the lived body - Northoff thinks this is confused: The lived body is an effect, not the course of the subjective mind 47. GABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma aminobutyric acid. Mediate neural inhibition. 48. serotonin, Affects mood, hunger, sleep and arousal. Undersupply linked to depression. Originates in the raphe nucleus. 49. glutamate, A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory. Allow for neural excitation. 50. social deafferentation, The patient withdraw and disconnect of differentiate (i.e., they are no longer receive signals) from their social environment, lets them focus on their inward mental life with no external validation. 51. resting state, when a neuron is not being stimulated. Provide the necessary input to bridge the gap between what we observe as neuronal activity and what we experience as mental features. Intrinsic activity of the brain that cannot be traced back to any activity outside the brain. No mental features can be brought in and constructed without this. • Healthy: ongoing activity changes or variability • Functional connectivity: overly synchronized in a CMS, PCC and precuneus - Higher f-hyperconnectivity= severe auditory delusions and hallucinations - Hence decreased variability in resting-state Abnormal activity from anterior to posterior CMS- cortical mid-line structures and insula 52. polymorphism, Different constellations of underlying genes. One and the same genes may be present in two different serotonin-related gene variants. Impacts neural activity. Polymorphism: “higher incidence of…polymorphism coding for a specific substance that transports serotonin, called promoter polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene when compared to non-depresses patients.” 53. PACC, Perigenual anterior cingulate cortex. Key area in mediating the interaction between self-continuity and TD. May be central in positioning the self in the stream of temporal continuity- from post to present to future- linking it to value and reward. Central in mediating self-relatedness as a core component of the self, including its close relationship to the resting state of the brain • Perigenual anterior cingulate cortex(PACC): mediating self-continuity and temporal discounting (TD): the longer the delay in reward($ for correct answer) the less interest in obtaining the reward, and less value placed on the stimulus. Negative correlation

DBS in depression, close to PACC, it works - PACC: self-relatedness - Personal identity=linking self to time - CMS: involved in time perception and sense of time(past and future) -ventro-and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, PACC and PCC 54. self and body focus, Self and body are closely linked to each other because the increased self-focus is often accompanied by an increased body focus. Imply that the depressed person's attention is no longer directed toward his or her relations to the environment and its event, as in healthy individuals, but rather on him- or herself. 55. rumination compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes. The cognitive processing of the self. Often considered to be a method of attempting to cope with negative mods that involves increased self-focused attention and self-reflection. 56. delusion, Patients who experience _____ attribute abnormal meanings to the behaviours of other people in their environment 57. hallucination,  false sensory experience, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. 58. sensory flooding, sensory overload, this happens when too much data is getting through to the brain. Patients with schizophrenia is flooded by inputs from the environment. His or her brain can no longer channel the different inputs and strucutre and organize them accordingly. 59. Nucleus suprachiasmaticus, Region of the brain that possesses a circadian rhythm system that regulates the sleep-wake cycle. 60. ketamine, Block the receptors and closes the door for glutamate to enter and excite neurons. Decreases abnormally high levels of neural excitation and resting-state activity in depression. - Ketamine blocks glutamate receptors, so it modulates the action of glutamate on the brain - Ketamine acts very fast, unlike drugs that modulate serotonin, adrenaline and noradrenaline • Neural brain mechanisms operate in different time scales. - Ketamine affects very short time scales Neural time scales and their integration : a new frontier in neuroscience 61. mania, a mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state. Abnormally happy and excited. Mania is the opposite of depression: excess environment-focus over self and body-focus. s responsible for recycling serotonin from the synaptic cleft to the presynaptic neuron, terminating its effects and enabling its reuse 62. Promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR),  Transports serotonin, 5-HTTLPR. 63. thought disorder,  Often patients can no longer concentrate. Their thoughts seem to be interrupted and fragmented, resulting in thought blockades, and there is often an overwhelming abundance of thoughts 64. Parfit, 

According him, personal identity is a matter of psychological continuity. De-emphasized the importance of personal identity. Identity does not matter, only survival matters, and survival can diverge from identity . • survival mediates identity - Psychological continuity based on survival - Or : psychological connectedness: memories - Parfit disagrees with Nagel’s brain claim too. 65. personal identity, The identification or persistence of one's own sense of personhood as one and the same across time 66. diachronic identity The question regarding the temporal continuity of identity, identity through time. I may be more than one person throughout the passage of time. - What accounts for psychological continuity over time? Diachronic identity - If memory accounts for episodes/events over time, does it constitute personal identity? 67. synchronic identity, I may be more than one person at one particular point in time. Identity at a particular point in time • What accounts for personal identity at a time: synchronic identity - Dissociative identity disorder= more than one identity at a time 68. neural discontinuity,  Resting-state= neural discontinuity The midline regions show a high degree of variability and change. Central in constructing psychological continuity of the self. When the brain discontinues and changes the self. Leads to the person's continuity over time 69. psychological discontinuity, Neuronal continuity leads to _____. Disruption of the brain's neuronal discontinuity leads to ____. Reflects a balance between continuity and discontinuity, which itself is a function of time . Temporal parallelism=neuronal discontinuity in resting state=schizophrenia: psychological discontinuity or identity Schizophrenia= lack of normal discontinuity= disruption in psychological continuity 70. world-based time,  Time in the world. 71. brain-based time, Time in the brain. The construction of time by the resting state. Aligns with world-based time. Establishes temporal continuity between the individual and the surround world. Allows us to locate our existence within the world and to experience the self identical over time as part of the world. 72. Nagel, • I am my brain”(Nagel, 1974) - Damage to brain? - Damage to liver?

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• Midline structures: variability (activity levels) and functional connectivity with many brain other parts = continuity of change - Correlated with self-related information & continuous sense of self (over time) Paradox? Discontinuity and variability mediates continuity of personal identity ? Parfit disagrees with Nagel’s brain claim too 73. Christoff and Thompson Some argue that the mind is the lived body (Christoff et al., 2011)- through the subjective nature of the lived body Northoff thinks this is confused: The lived body is an effect, not the course of the subjective mind 74. world-brain disruption, something that breaks someone's concentration; bothersome; annoying • Defects in copies of genes: deletions, insertions and duplications: ongoing research on the genome and its relation to depressions and schizophrenia • Environmental stressors: war, trauma, sexual, physical and psychological abuse affect the duplication of genes and their abnormal expression. = Gene x environment interaction Environmental can increase / decrease -H2O, relationships, food, direct or indirect effect on the way out genome forms – determined how one North off question only mind and genetic component – re emphasis on component of gene and environment of self – of what is actually happing and helps to understand the effect of the interplay of gene – environment and , body - Schizophrenia=breakdown of world-brain relation 75. paradox, A statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. 76. CMS, Cortical Midline Structures. Show some physiological features, such as extremely high levels of metabolism, resting-state activity, and variability when compared to other regions. 77. metaphysical, Concerned with abstract thought, related to metaphysics (branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the nature of being and of the world); very subtle or abstruse. 78. MDD, major depressive disorder. Thoughts, perceptions, actions, emoitons--all become frozen, immobile, and negative 79. cross-frequency coupling, Describes how the change in one frequency range is related time-wise to change in another frequency range. EX. Descending cycle in the one frequency range always occurs when the cycle ascends in the other frequency range.

Establishes a linkage between different frequency ranges and their time scales; the shorter time scale of change and its high degree of neuronal discontinuity is related to the longer time scale and its lower degree of neuronal discontinuity. 80. low frequency fluctuations, Abnormal measure of resting-state activity, specifically, fluctuations or oscillations in certain temporal frequencies. Shows extremely long cycle durations, link and integrate different stimuli and events that are usually processed in a segregated way. 81. environment focus, Most of the time your environment controls your focus - not you. Example would be people and things directing what you do instead of you controlling your focus. 82. reciprocal influence and connection.