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Rathus 1,024 solutions Original Psychology the scientific study of behavior and mental processes psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments free will The idea that human beings are free to make their own choices Determinism the philosophy that holds that every event, action, and decision results from something independent of the human will Nature the influence of our inherited characteristics on our personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions nurture the influence of our environment CNS (central nervous system) includes the brain and spinal cord PNS (peripheral nervous system) the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body Cerebellum function process and store information, coordinates voluntary movements (posture, balance, speech) Cerebrum Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. involentary autonomic nervous system Voluntary somatic nervous system The brain The mass of nerve tissue that is the main control center of the nervous system electrical communication travel up and down the spinal cord, sending signals which allow different segments of the body to communicate with the brain. cervical vertebrae neck Thoracic chest spinal nerves carry impulses to and from the spinal cord Receptor A small area on the dendrite that receives the signal from the other neuron afferent pathway component of reflex arc that transmits information from receptor to integrating center Integrating centre one or more regions within the CNS that relay impulses from sensory to motor neurons Efferent pathway component of reflex arc that transmits information from integrating center to effector Effector organ The organ that carries out the command sent along a particular motor neuron The area within the brain regulating our survival functions such as breathing and heartbeat is called the Brain stem Regulation of functions such as breathing and heart rate are controlled by the autonomic nervous system The left side of the brain is used for tasks such as map reading and recognising patterns Ben is having trouble sleeping and has been diagnosed with a sleep disorder that is caused by a chemical imbalance. It is possible he has abnormal levels of which neurotransmitter? serotonin Learning experiences ______________ the connections between neurons, while not using our memory ________________ neuron connections. increase; reduce The chemical responsible for causing us to feel sleepy is called melatonin According to Plutchik, there are ______ primary emotions. 8 primary emotions Which of the following structures in NOT part of the limbic system cerebellum The 3 stages of memory in order are encoding, storage, retrieval Ethan is playing golf and playing well. In front of a crowd on the last hole, he overestimates and misses a tricky long putt that would have won him the match. His miss in front of the crowd could be due to? extrinsic motivation choking an event where athletes experience a considerable decline in performance standard at a time when pressure was likely higher than normal. social worker someone employed to provide social services (especially to the disadvantaged) Perception the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events Sensation the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment How are sensation and perception related? Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors — the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin. The sensation of hearing occurs when waves of pulsating air are collected by the outer ear and transmitted through the bones of the inner ear to the auditory nerve. The sensation of vision occurs as rays of light contact the eyes, become focused on the retina, and are transmitted by the optic nerve to the visual centers of the brain. Perception is the interpretation of what is sensed. The air waves that contact the ears might be interpreted as noise or as musical sounds, for example. The physical energy transmitted to the retina of the eye might be interpreted as a particular color, pattern, or shape, depending on how it is perceived. Free-Will vs Determinism Debate Free Will - Determinism: to what extent are our behaviors freely selected rather than caused by factors outside of our control? Nature vs. Nurture Heredity vs. Environment selective attention the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input divided attention concentrating on more than one activity at the same time (multi-tasking) intelligence the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations Theories of Intelligence: Gardner The theory of multiple intelligences was developed in 1983 by Dr. Howard Gardner. the traditional notion of intelligence, based on I.Q. ... Linguistic intelligence ("word smart") Logical- mathematical intelligence ("number/reasoning smart") advantages and disadvantages of IQ tests Advantage: they allow teachers and parents to channel additional resources to students who need them the most. Disadvantage: labeling students as gifted or slow can become a self-fulfilling prophecy. short-term memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly long-term memory a type of storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years What function of the brain controls short-term memory and long-term memory? the cerebellum What is Alzheimer's? A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions. What is Alzheimer's? Detail treatment Medications called cholinesterase inhibitors are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease Two types of motivation intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation intrinsic motivation a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake extrinsic motivation a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment Who is Plutchik? Psychologist Robert Plutchik states that there are eight basic emotions: joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger, and disgust. What are the 8 primary emotions? joy, trust, fear, surprise, sadness, anticipation, anger, and disgust. James-Lange Theory the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli Cannon-Bard Theory The proposition that emotion and physiological reactions occur simultaneously Schachter-Singer two-factor theory a theory of emotion in which general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn leads to subjective feelings What is the difference between Schachter-Singer two-factor theory, Cannon-Bard Theory and James-Lange Theory? The Cannon-Bard Theory argues that we experience physiological arousal and emotion at the same time. The theory gives more attention to the role of thought or outward behavior than did James- Lange,whereas the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory is based on simply feeling arousal is not enough; we also must identify the arousal in order to feel the emotion. Psychology and the law study of the psychological and behavioral dimensions of the legal system What is an IQ test? a test designed to measure intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school Motivation A character's incentive or reason for behaving in a certain manner; that which impels a character to act intrinsic (adj.) belonging to someone or something by its very nature, essential, inherent; originating in a bodily organ or part extinct A term that typically describes a species that no longer has any known living individuals. performance The manner in which something or somebody functions, operates, or behaves arousal Activation of the central nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, and the muscles and glands arousal theory to be the physiological state of being aware, alert, awake and/or attentive Sport Pschologists Psychologists who explore relationships between athletic performance and psychological variables as motivation and emotion What is sport psychology? The scientific study of people and their behaviours in sport and exercise activities and the practical application of that knowledge Why is psychology in sport important? To help an athletes performance, allow them build a positive mind set or overcoming injury. consciousness a person's subjective experience of the world and the mind consciousness continuum controlled processing, automatic processing, daydreaming, meditation, sleep, coma Inverted U theory Theory linking arousal and performance by stating that increased arousal improves performance to an optimal point at moderate levels of arousal optimal arousal theory A theory of motivation stating that people are motivated to behave in ways that maintain what is, for them, an optimal level of arousal low arousal extreme tiredness high arousal one may not be able to concentrate Functions of the brain and spinal cord - The brain controls our thoughts, memory and speech - movement of the arms and legs. - The brain also controls the many organs within our body. Functions of the Peripheral Nervous System Serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles What are the two parts of the Peripheral Nervous System? - somatic nervous system - autonomic nervous system. cerebral cortex making new memories Hippocampus a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage (memory) corpus callosum A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them. corpus callosum the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them sensory neurons carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain sensory cortex registers and processes body touch and movement sensations Thalamus it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla primary auditory cortex hearing temporal lobe function hearing and speech parietal lobe receives sensory input for touch and body position frontal lobe associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving corpus callosum A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them. brain stem Connection to spinal cord. Filters information flow between peripheral nervous system and the rest of the brain. motor cortex controls voluntary movements Amygdala A limbic system structure involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. Hypothalamus a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion medulla oblongata the continuation of the spinal cord within the skull, forming the lowest part of the brainstem and containing control centers for the heart and lungs. occipital lobe vision primary visual cortex the region of the posterior occipital lobe whose primary input is from the visual system Amygalda emotion Consiousness our awareness of ourselves and our environment myelin sheath covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses English (USA)