Midterm outline Emily Hicks

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School

Arizona College *

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PSY240

Subject

Psychology

Date

Oct 30, 2023

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docx

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Emily Hicks Instructor Banks Midterm outline PSY 240 Introduction  Erikson’s theory maintains that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. (Mcleod, 2023)  Being mentally healthy during childhood means reaching developmental and emotional milestones while learning healthy social skills and how to problem-solve.  Growing up in a single-family environment can sometimes be different for kids. Some kids suffer in these situations because the parent is overwhelmed by responsibilities, caring for a child, and maintaining a job. Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust Birth to 12–18 months old As the child begins the second stage, "it is important for young children to begin developing a sense of personal independence and control." As a child learns to do things themselves, they establish a sense of control over themselves as well as basic confidence in their abilities.

 How would they establish a secure attachment with their child? Securing an attachment. The mother should prioritize building a secure attachment with her infant. Secure attachment is when the baby feels safe, loved, and cared for, leading to the development of trust. My mother would always rock me to sleep while singing "Five Little Piggies", this became an every-night routine, and eventually I was eased off to sleep.  How would they ensure their infant can depend on them? To ensure the infant can depend on her, the mom should maintain consistency in her caregiving routines. Although she’s pulling the load alone, a child will get into a routine with her if she’s nurturing. The baby’s needs will be met consistently.  How would they ensure their child's safety (both physical and emotional)? Additionally, providing a nurturing and safe environment is essential for the child’s emotional safety. Relating to my childhood, my mom provided a baby-proof space, protecting us from physical harm but allowing us to explore. Stage 2: Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 18 months to 3 years old Entering the third stage is when the child begins to express a greater need for independence and control over themselves and the world around them. There are several different ways in which parents may encourage autonomy.  How would they foster independence and help their toddler build self-esteem? A single parent can foster independence and help a toddler build self-esteem. Encouraging the child to make simple choices, such as between two outfits or snack options, allows them

to assert their autonomy. Supporting them in exploring different options and making choices helps them gain confidence in their abilities.  How would they approach terrible twos tantrums? Approaching the terrible twos, parents should remain patient and understanding. Tantrums are a normal part of development and occur as toddlers struggle to express themselves. The parent will have to set boundaries, but offering comfort and validating their feelings will help the child feel safe and secure during outbursts.  What will they do to encourage a sense of control? To encourage a sense of control, the parent can provide opportunities for the child to engage in activities that foster independence. Simple tasks like dressing themselves, picking up toys, or helping with small chores give them a sense of achievement. Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt 3 to 5 years old Kids who develop initiative are eager to try new activities and experiences without fear of failure. When they do make mistakes, they understand and try again. "A child who feels more guilt than initiative at this stage learns to resist trying new things for fear of failing." (Kendra, 2023)  How would they ensure their child is growing socially integrated? During this stage, the single parent should focus on ensuring the child has social interactions. Organizing playdates or enrolling the child in preschool or kindergarten helps them develop social skills and form friendships.

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 How will they boost their child’s positive self-image and help them develop self- confidence? To boost the child’s positive self-image and self-confidence, the mom should be supportive and encouraging. Letting the child know you are proud of them and telling them to be proud of themselves will help the child gain confidence and self-esteem.  What parenting style would they use? In terms of parenting style, a balance between warmth and firmness is crucial. A nurturing and responsive approach helps the child feel loved and secure. In conclusion, my mom had to be both parents and was very firm with us, so we could not walk over her. Being firm with your child as a single parent can be complicated and frustrating, but the child will understand one day why the parent was hard on them. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority 5 to 12 years old During this stage, the single/working mom can help her child develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments. Celebrating a child’s achievements, whether in academics, sports, or hobbies, reinforces the child's self-esteem and motivates them to strive for further success.  How would they help their child develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments? Celebrating achievements, whether in academics, sports, or hobbies, reinforces the child’s self-worth and motivates them to strive for further success.  How would they help their child feel confident in their ability to achieve goals? To build confidence in their ability to achieve goals, the mom can support the child in setting

realistic and achievable objectives. Encouraging children to face challenges instills a growth mindset and a belief in their capabilities.  What after-school activities would their child participate in? A parent raising a child alone may face challenges, such as having to leave the child in after-school programs until they get off. At this age, the child could choose to play sports, and the sports could have a positive impact on social development.  How many hours of screen time will be permitted for their child? When it comes to screen time, setting appropriate limits is crucial for a child’s overall well-being. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends limited time for children to ensure they engage in social activities and physical play. (Hill, 2016) Another article stated, “Excessive screen time may inhibit a child’s ability to observe and experience the typical everyday activities they need to engage with in order to learn about the world, leading to a kind of “tunnel vision”, which can be detrimental to overall development”. (Aplesset, 2023)  How would they help their child deal with bullying/cyberbullying? To address bullying or cyberbullying, the mom should maintain open communication with her child. Creating a safe space for the child to share experiences and emotions is essential. Teaching assertiveness skills, empathy, and problem-solving strategies prepares the child to cope with difficult situations. Additionally, make sure your child is aware of the need to involve teachers and school staff in addressing bullying. Conclusion

Understanding and applying Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development is highly beneficial for single moms to support their children’s psychological health. By recognizing the unique needs and challenges at each stage, the mom can provide a nurturing and responsive environment that promotes trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry in the child's development. Further research in this context can help identify specific interventions and support systems that cater to single or working moms. Leading to better outcomes for their psychological development.

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Resources: By, Mcleod, S., on, U., & 2, A. (2023, August 2). Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial Development . Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/erik-erikson.html Aplesset. (2023, August 24). What does too much screen time do to kids’ brains? NewYork- Presbyterian. https://healthmatters.nyp.org/what-does-too-much-screen-time-do-to- childrens-brains/ Hill, D., Ameenuddin, N., Reid Chassiakos, Y. (Linda), Cross, C., Hutchinson, J., Levine, A., Boyd, R., Mendelson, R., Moreno, M., & Swanson, W. S. (2016, November 1). Media and young minds . American Academy of Pediatrics. https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/138/5/e20162591/60503/Media-and-Young- Minds?autologincheck=redirected Kendra Cherry, Mse. (2023, March 1). How children develop a sense of initiative . Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/initiative-versus-guilt-2795737#toc-what-is-guilt