AguilarT PSY 7103-3

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Evaluate Quantitative and Qualitative Designs Tanya Aguilar Assignment 3 Research Methods – PSY 7103 Northcentral University May 2023

Primary Purpose of the Design Strengths of the design Limitations of the Design Quantitative Designs Descriptive (Duckett, 2021) The goal of this layout is to collect data on a population or an individual member's traits without influencing those traits in any way. Flexibility Non-evasive Useful in exploratory research Can be conducted in natural settings Limited ability to establish cause-effect relationship Potential for bias Limited generalizability Lack of control Correlational (Duckett, 2021) The purpose of this design is to identify the strength and direction of the association between variables without manipulating them. Identifying relationships Non-invasive Useful in hypothesis generation Can be conducted in natural setting Limited ability to establish causality Potential for third variables Directionality problem Limited generalizability Vulnerability to measurement error Quasi- experimental (Duckett, 2021) The goal of this design is to account for the lack of random assignment in order to investigate the causal link between the intervention or therapy and the result of interest. Greater external validity Practicality Ethical considerations Useful in studying rare events Lack of internal validity Difficulty in establishing causality Limited generalizability Potential confounding variables Experimental (Duckett, 2021) The goal of this design is to isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent one, while also removing the influence of any confounding factors. High internal validity Ability to establish causality Control over extraneous variables Replicability Limited external validity Potential ethical concerns Potential bias Time consuming and expensive Factorial (Duckett, 2021) The purpose of the factorial design is to examine how different combinations of multiple independent variables affect the dependent variable. By manipulating and combining multiple variables, researchers can determine whether there are interactions or effects between them that could not be identified by studying each variable in isolation. Allows for examination of multiple independent variables Reduces the number of participants needed Identifies whether one independent variable depends on another Requires larger sample size Difficult to interpret the results Challenging to manipulate and control Qualitative Designs

Phenomenology ( Tomaszewski et al., 2020) The purpose of phenomenology is to explore and describe the essence of a particular phenomenon as it is experienced by individuals. Ability to provide a rich and detailed description of subjective experiences Allows researchers to explore the perspectives and experiences of individuals in depth, gaining insights into the nuances of their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Particularly useful when studying complex and multifaceted phenomena that are difficult to measure quantitatively. It can also help researchers to identify similarities and differences in experiences across different individuals or groups. Significantly depends on how the researcher chooses to interpret the data. Costly in terms of both time and effort invested, as it frequently entails in-depth interviews and copious amounts of data processing. It might not be the best choice for more objective or quantitative research topics. Narrative ( Tomaszewski et al., 2020) The purpose of narrative research is to gain a deep understanding of the experiences and perspectives of individuals. It seeks to uncover the meanings and themes within personal stories that can reveal the underlying beliefs, values, and experiences of the narrator. Narrative research can be particularly useful when studying complex issues that are difficult to measure quantitatively, such as subjective experiences, emotions, and personal transformations. Capacity to accurately reflect the depth and variety of human experience. Useful in a wide variety of contexts and with a large range of people; versatile and malleable. Beneficial because it encourages people to open up and reveal their true selves through storytelling. It's not always easy to make sense of the numbers. Data analysis relies significantly on the researcher's biases and assumptions. Expensive in terms of both time and materials. It might not be the best choice for more objective or quantitative research topics. Case Study ( Tomaszewski et al., 2020) The purpose of case study research is to gain a detailed understanding of the case(s) under investigation and to develop theoretical insights that can be generalized to other contexts. Case studies are particularly useful when studying complex phenomena that cannot be easily studied using other research designs. They allow researchers to explore the context-specific factors that influence the phenomenon, as well as the interactions between these factors and the outcomes of the phenomenon. Ability to provide a detailed and nuanced understanding of the case(s) under investigation. It allows researchers to gain insights into the complex and dynamic relationships between different factors and outcomes, and to identify patterns and themes that may not be apparent using other research designs. Flexible and adaptable, as it can be used in a wide range of settings and with various populations. The results may not be transferable to other situations. Data analysis relies significantly on the researcher's biases and assumptions. Extensive data collecting and processing is time-consuming and taxing on available resources. Possibly not the best choice for research problems that call for a large sample size or a quantitative method.

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Can be used to test and refine existing theories or to develop new theoretical frameworks. Ethnography ( Tomaszewski et al., 2020) Ethnographic research is conducted to learn more about a specific culture or social group. Participant observation, interviews, and other forms of qualitative inquiry are commonplace in this type of in-depth study of a group over an extended period of time. The goal of any ethnographic study is to learn more about the social and cultural setting in which a particular group's beliefs and practices emerged. A thorough and nuanced comprehension of the culture or social group under study Useful in a wide variety of contexts and with a large range of people; versatile and malleable. Beneficial because it encourages individuals to speak their minds in an open and honest manner. Extensive data collecting and processing over a long period of time makes this a time-consuming and resource-intensive process. As a result, the researcher's own personal biases may creep into their interpretation of the findings. Because the research is usually conducted inside a specific cultural or social group, it is challenging to extrapolate the results to other settings or people. Possibly not the best choice for research problems that call for a large sample size or a quantitative method. Grounded Theory ( Tomaszewski et al., 2020) Rather than relying on assumptions or prior knowledge, the design is meant to provide a theory that can stand on its own merits in the face of empirical evidence. Allows researchers to develop a comprehensive understanding of a phenomenon, as it enables them to explore the data in depth and identify the underlying patterns and relationships. It is a flexible methodology that can be adapted to different research contexts and settings. Particularly useful for exploring complex or poorly understood phenomena, as it allows researchers to develop a theory that is grounded in the data. It is a rigorous methodology that emphasizes the need for data verification and multiple perspectives. Can be time-consuming and resource-intensive, as it involves an iterative process of data collection, coding, and analysis. The methodology is based on the subjective interpretation of data, which can make the results vulnerable to researcher bias. The process of developing a theory can be highly iterative and subjective, which can lead to different researchers developing different theories from the same dataset. The methodology can be challenging for novice researchers who may struggle to navigate the complex process of data analysis and theory development.

Quantitative Study The objective of this study was to acquire a better understanding of how adult children cope with the death of a parent using various coping strategies (Qasim et al., 2022). Utilizing qualitative research, quantitative research, and cross-sectional research, a survey was conducted to learn more about individuals who had lost a parent or both parents. All participants in the investigation were categorized as adults. The focus of the study was on older individuals who had lost a parent or both parents within the previous decade. Participants represented a broad cross-section of adult mourners from all over the globe, with the United Kingdom and Pakistan having the largest representation, respectively (Qasim et al., 2022). To be included in the final tally, individuals had to be 18 years or older. The data were collected via a sampling technique known as convenience sampling; however, no power analysis was conducted on the data. One hundred mourning individuals participated in the survey for the objective of this study. According to previous research, selecting a sample size of between thirty and five hundred individuals is sufficient for achieving a degree of confidence of five percent; therefore, selecting one hundred individuals is a prudent choice. According to the British Psychological Society's (2018) criteria, the University Psychology Department's Ethics Committee determined that the experiment complied with the requirements for ethical conduct (Qasim et al., 2022). Before ethics committee approval could be obtained, no data were collected. Everyone who participated in the research endeavor did so voluntarily after providing informed consent. The British researcher acquired the crucial information through conversations with their contacts and visits to a local church. A local cleric assisted in collecting the questionnaire responses from the local Christian community. The researcher traveled to Pakistan to administer surveys in person, thereby collecting the necessary data for the study (Qasim et al., 2022). During this journey, Pakistan-related research was

planned. The researcher's use of Google forms simplified and improved the data collection process. He accomplished this by compiling the results of all three questionnaires and the demographic questions into a single, comprehensive form. Email and the messaging application WhatsApp were the primary means of communicating the form to distant friends and family (Qasim et al., 2022). We utilized SPSS version 23 for this investigation's statistical analysis. It was conducted to compile and analyze both descriptive and inferential statistics. Participants provided information regarding their age, gender, level of education, marital status, ethnicity, religion, frequency of religious practice, parents' ages at death, years since death, cause of death, and the frequency with which they spoke with their parents prior to their deaths (Qasim et al., 2022). Before commencing the statistical analysis, each of the three primary dependent variables was subjected to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to ensure that they were normal. Two of them were revealed to be inconsistent with the remainder of the sample. Two of the variables' distributions were determined to be skewed based on the skewness statistics (Qasim et al., 2022). It has been determined that nonparametric methods will be used for future inferential statistical testing. Qualitative Study Researchers selected service providers from each of the four ACT teams in Eastern Ontario, Canada, and ensured that the sample was statistically representative of the entire region. The eastern part of Ontario was the site of this success (Sharif et al., 2021). Mental health experts such as psychiatrists, nurses, social workers, peer support workers, and others in a position to have conversations regarding traumatic events were invited to participate in the debate. A total of sixteen participants were interviewed for

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this analysis. Four psychiatrists, four nurses, five mental health counselors/social workers, two peer support specialists, and one occupational therapist made up this group. The participants were divided into smaller groups, with each group having a captain chosen from among the four participants. The participants were asked to meet with the study's principal investigator for a semi-structured interview (Sharif et al., 2021). Before any interviews were conducted, it was made crystal clear to the participants that they were in no way obligated to continue with the study, and that their information would not be used for any purpose. Participants were also assured that their responses would be anonymous, and their personal information would not be linked to any of the data collected. Participants were required to fill out a consent form before they could take part in the study. The participants were given a copy of the protocol ahead of time so that they could get ready for the questions that will be asked of them. Each team was interviewed for almost an hour in a private room within the ACT's main office. The effort has been approved by the University of Ottawa's Research and Ethics Board (Sharif et al., 2021). The interview protocol covered a wide range of topics, including trauma and PTSD evaluation (including screening tools), how often trauma and PTSD are discussed, clinicians' comfort talking to clients about trauma, barriers, and facilitators to talking to clients about trauma, using a TIC approach, the reach of the ACT team and model in dealing with trauma, and treatment of trauma-related issues (Sharif et al., 2021). The interview process is broken down in detail in the appendix, which can be found here. Researchers used a technique called theme analysis to look at the information. Recordings of the interviews were made, and the transcripts were typed up, to make sorting the data into useful categories easier. The primary purpose of the thematic analysis approach is to identify recurrent themes, topics, or concepts in the data that provide insight into the research subject. The data can be compared and

contrasted to achieve this goal (Sharif et al., 2021). Due to its breadth and depth, thematic analysis has quickly become a favorite research methodology. It's widely used since it provides a versatile method for assessing data and because it allows for a comprehensive and in-depth investigation. Thematic analysis is another widely used technique. The theme analysis performed for the purposes of this study followed the six steps of analysis established by Braun and Clarke (2006) to ensure a systematic approach that is favorable to providing results that are relevant to the topic at hand. To facilitate further research, the first author first had all of the transcribed data reviewed by four research assistants before classifying the responses into a total of 21 categories (Sharif et al., 2021). The similarities and differences discovered in the transcribed interviews were used to generate codes, which were then modified and eventually removed. Then, they were able to narrow these ideas down to five major topics of discussion.

References Duckett LJ. (2021).Quantitative Research Excellence: Study design and reliable and valid measurement of variables. Journal of Human Lactation ; 37(3):456-463. doi:10.1177/08903344211019285 Qasim, K., & Carson, J. (2022). Does post-traumatic growth follow parental death in adulthood? An empirical investigation. Omega: Journal of Death & Dying, 86(1) , 25–44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0030222820961956 Sharif, N., Karasavva, V., Thai, H., & Farrell, S. (2021). “We’re working in a trauma avoidant culture”: A qualitative study exploring assertive community treatment providers’ perspectives on working with trauma and PTSD in people with severe mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 57(8) , 1478–1488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00764-8 Tomaszewski, L. E., Zarestky, J., & Gonzalez, E. (2020). Planning Qualitative research: design and decision making for new researchers. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 19 . https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406920967174

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