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Biasness Jazmine Starcher Research Methods in Psychology Research Proposal Capella University February, 2024

2 Biasness Literature Review In the article by Van Ewijk, R. (2011), they did an experiment where students wrote essays and the educators changes the name of the student so the educator who would be grading the essay would not be able to be bias based on their name. The educators would be able to tell their ethnicity based on their name. The results indicated that all of the educators graded fairly despite the name changes, as they were nonbias in their grading. There seems to be no negativity associated with teachers judgments as long as their expectations and judgments are solely based on the ability of the student and not based on their ethnicity. Tobisch & Dresel (2017), they mention that it is the teachers job to analyze each student and base their learning expectations around the students performances and behavior. They also mention the teachers’ expectations and judgments are linked to social categories like ethnicity and or social minorities. According to (Scott et al, 2012), behavioral problems are what sets the dynamic for the student in the class room. African American students are getting suspended consistently more than Caucasian students. Failure in behavior typically means failure in academics. In the article by Ding & Hall (2007), they questioned over 13,000 students in a survey, African Americans off all grades reported feeling negative about school environments. Male students all reported a lack of care from their teachers. Teachers have a biasness towards the higher grade students this could be associated with respect, attitude towards the teacher and just a well behaved student. According to Bonefeld & Dickhäuser (2018), states that self-fulfilling prophecy helps teachers come up with expectations for migrant students. Teachers have a stereotype kind of attitude based on the background of a student; this can lead to a negatively influenced student. Sneyers et al, (2020), teachers have shown biasness for generations. They show biasness by underestimating the academic ability of the minorities, while encouraging the other students in a positive direction. Riegle-Crumb & Humphries (2012), according to this study, black and Hispanic

3 students, regardless of gender all have lower grades in math classes. The occurrence of biasness in high school classrooms, tends to lead to inequality in the fields of math, science and technology. Indicating teachers are more focused on helping the highly educated student become even more successful thus leaving the others where they stand. According to Riegle-Crumb & Humphries (2012), the study they conducted with 38 first grade teachers; indicated they all overrate male students ’ math capability and underrate females’ math capability. Teachers have shown a biasness when it comes to white males, they believe white males are the best at math while minorities are less capable. Hypothesis and Variables Researchers theorize that teachers are bias against students of different ethnicities and are not grading fairly based off what the student earned academically. Studies have shown that teachers grade unfairly based off the student personally and not by their academic performance. According to Sneyers et al, (2020), teachers show biasness by underestimating the academic ability of the minorities, while encouraging the other students in a positive direction The hypothesis for this study will be. Ho: there is a correlation between bad grades and ethnicity H1: there is no correlation between bad grades and ethnicity The independent variable will be ethnicity, as defined as the quality of belonging to a specific group made up of people who share common cultural backgrounds. The dependent variable will be the grades. Methods Sampling

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4 I will use the stratified random sampling method because it divides the population into subgroups (Trochim, n.d.). Then I can draw a sample from each subgroup via the strata (level of education and or social backgrounds) I recruit my samples from the local schools. Measures I will use stratified random sampling to test the measure of correlation between ethnicity and if they are getting the grades they deserve, or see if the teachers are being bias and giving them bad grades due to their social background (ethnicity). I will take the same amount of students per grade k-12 (strata). I can then analyze their responses by their strata and find a mean as my data. I will use nominal to measure ethnicity and grades. In nominal, you can only be in one category at a time; either you are black or white, you either have an A or D in a class. This is a strength for the type of study I am conducting. Variables I am testing are ethnicity; White, Hispanic, African American, Asian and grades; A,B,C,D,F. Procedure I will use a true experimental research method. This design method tests the distinct cause and effect, you either did it or you did not. There is now way to have a casual correlation. (SLKIND, N.J. 2016). All participants will be volunteers. I would like a mix of students if all ethnicities who are academic achievers and those who report being a minority with bad grades accompanied with bad behavior at or towards school. The participants will complete a demographic questionnaire to get information about their ethnicity, age, educational grade level, current grade in class and their behavioral history. All participants will be in one group. The participants will report ethnicity. Lastly, participants will report grades.

5 References Salkind, N. J. (2016). Exploring Research (9th ed.). Pearson Learning Solutions. https://capella.vitalsource.com/books/9781323581315 Sneyers, E., Vanhoof, J., & Mahieu, P. (2020). Bias in primary school teachers’ expectations of students? A study of general and specific bias towards SES, ethnicity and gender. Studia Paedagogica (Brno), 25 (2), 71-96. https://doi.org/10.5817/SP2020-2-4 Trochim, W. M. K. (n.d.). Sampling terminology. Research Methods Knowledge Base. https://conjointly.com/kb/sampling-terminology/

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