d307 study guide module 2

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Feb 20, 2024

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Module 2: Cognitive Development Study Guide Note : You are encouraged to download the Study Guide to document your responses. If you plan to print the Study Guide and fill it in by hand (recommended), expand the tables after you download it to provide more space to enter a complete response. Learning Objective: The candidate describes stages of cognitive development to inform appropriate expectations of P–12 students. Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development:  What is an example of a schema? An example of schema is a child might develop knowledge of a horse, tall, four legs, hair and a tail. When the child sees a cow, they may think it is a horse due to it having the same features and the child’s schema of a horse.  What are each of these? Give an example of each occurring. o Assimilation – New information added to already existing information. An example would be a child seeing a new dog and labeling it a dog. o Accommodation - Change existing schemas with new information. An example would be a child who sees a cat and thinks it is a dog because of the features. Mom tells the kid it is a cat and explains the differences. The child now has changed their dog schema, knowing to exclude some pets that have four legs and are hairy. o Equilibrium – A balance between assimilation (applying previous knowledge) and accommodation (changing thoughts due to new knowledge) Stage Age Span Key Terms and description Characteristics/Expectations Examples of aligning teaching with this stage Sensorimotor 0-2 Infants/toddlers learn through sensory experiences. Learn through actions, actions can cause things to happen, they are separate from people & objects An example would be a sensory bin. Filling the bin with toys and then covering it with rice and having the student find their toys in the bin. Preoperational 2-7 Emergence of language development Think symbolically, egocentric, think in concrete terms An example would be drawing a family picture that represents the students family, knowing that they are just representations. Concrete 7-11 During this stage Thinking logically, An example would be

Operational they use more logic. Ego centrism goes away as they begin to think about other people and their point of view. understand conservation, thinking is more organized, inductive reasoning to do a project where you read a story and talk about multiple different people’s point of view and how they were feeling in the same situation. Comparing objects then breaking them into smaller pieces to understand conservation Formal Operational 12+ Increase in logic thinking. Individuals are able to understand more abstract ideas. Able to think of solutions for problems. Use deductive logic, more thinking about ethical, social and political problems that use abstract reasoning Students form a hypothesis for their experiment about balloon powered car.  How will knowing Piaget’s theory influence your lesson planning and teaching? Think about students who progress slower or faster through Piaget’s stages of cognitive development. Knowing Piaget’s theory will influence lesson plans and teaching by allowing teachers to have a better understanding of students thinking. Knowing Piaget’s theory will allow teachers to align their lesson plans/teaching with their student’s cognitive level because they will know where they are at and how to advance their thinking. Vygotsky’s Theory of Cognitive Development:  How would you describe the social nature of learning in planning and teaching According to Vygotsky, I would describe the social nature of learning in planning and teaching by making sure that teachers plan for group activities so that students can not only interact, but they can learn from others. In teaching, teachers should be communicating with students.  What is an example of using scaffolding in a classroom? An example of scaffolding in the classroom is breaking down the directions into smaller chunks or demonstrate something in the lesson before the students do it, so they can see how it is done.  What is an example of the Zone of Proximal Development in a classroom?

An example of ZPD in the classroom is a student struggling to read a whole sentence, the teacher can ask the student to read one word at a time. After the student has read all the words the teacher can ask them to read the sentence as whole.  What are the types of speech Vygotsky described? The types of speech that Vygotsky described are: - social speech (external conversation to talk to others 2+) - private speech (external speech to self 3+) - inner speech (external speech that turns into inner speech 7+) Piaget and Vygotsky: Venn Diagrams are great for showing comparisons. In each circle put how Piaget and Vygotsky are different. In the overlapping area, put how they are the same. We've put a few to get you started. Note* Constructivism is the view that knowledge and meaning are created rather than existing objectively Highly effective educators do not apply only one theory in isolation, they apply all the theories in their lesson planning and teaching. What is an example in the classroom of applying both Piaget and Vygotsky’s cognitive development theories? An example in the classroom of applying both Piaget and Vygotsky’s cognitive development is having activities where the students get to work together. This would involve social interaction and learning through this interaction which is talked about by both of the theorists Key Terms Constructivist Cognitive limits Child approach to learning Social learning comes before development Social constructivist No stages Learn from MKO Culture/social factors/language affecting cognitive development, Development precedes learning Cognitive constructivist Stages of development Equilibration, schema Assimilation, accommodation Explore the world to discover Knowledge Piaget Vygotsky

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Piaget Vygotsky Schemes/Schema Assimilation Accommodation Equilibrium Sensorimotor Object permanence Preoperational Egocentrism Concrete operational Formal operational Zone of Proximal Development Scaffolding Social speech Private speech Inner speech

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