Developmental Periods

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Grand Canyon University *

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ECS-555

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Psychology

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Feb 20, 2024

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PSY-357 – Lifespan Development - Developmental Periods Directions: For each developmental period, discuss the physical, socioemotional, and cognitive developmental theories, and identify the theorists. Include any concerns/issues that might arise during each developmental period. Each description should be a minimum of 50 words with two to three outside references, not including your textbook, for each developmental period. You will add information to the chart as you study and research each developmental group throughout the course. The entire chart, filled out completely, is due to your instructor at the end of Topic 8. You are required to submit this assignment to LopesWrite. Physical Development Socioemotional Development Cognitive Development Concerns or Issues Prenatal and Infancy During infancy, there is rapid growth and development in both gross motor skills (such as sitting, crawling, and walking) and fine motor skills (such as grasping objects and using a spoon). The growth rate of the brain is also remarkable during this period, laying the foundation for future cognitive development (Erikson & Erikson, 2000). Infants develop attachment to their primary caregivers and begin to understand the concept of trust versus mistrust. According to Erik Erikson, successful resolution of this stage leads to the development of trust and a sense of security, while failure to do so can result in feelings of fear and insecurity (Erikson & Erikson, 2000). Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development highlights that infants progress through various stages of cognitive development. During infancy, they are in the sensorimotor stage, where they learn about the world through their senses and motor actions. Object permanence, the understanding that objects exist even when they cannot be seen, One concern during infancy is the potential for neglect or lack of responsive caregiving, which can negatively impact a child's socioemotional and cognitive development (Huitt, 2011). Additionally, delays or difficulties in motor development could indicate the need for early intervention to support the child's

develops during this stage (Huitt, 2011). physical development. Early Childhood In early childhood, children experience continued growth and refinement of motor skills, both gross and fine. These improvements allow them to engage in physical activities and acquire better control over their bodies (Berk, 2008). According to Erikson, the main conflict during early childhood is the development of initiative versus guilt. During this stage, children begin to explore their environment, engage in pretend play, and develop a sense of purpose and ambition. Successful resolution of this stage results in feelings of competence, while failure leads to guilt and a lack of confidence (Berk, 2008). Piaget's theory identifies early childhood as the preoperational stage. During this period, children engage in symbolic play and display egocentric thinking, where they struggle to understand other perspectives. They also develop language skills rapidly and start to use words to represent objects and ideas (Berk, 2008). Early childhood may bring about challenges such as aggression and difficulties in self- regulation and emotional control due to limited emotion regulation skills during this stage (Berk, 2008). Additionally, delays in speech and language development or learning difficulties may require early intervention to support cognitive development. Middle and Late Childhood During this stage, the growth rate slows down a little bit. A child would expect to gain 5-7 lbs per year and grow about 2-3inches per year. Children also begin to slim down and gain muscle strength and lung capacity, making it possible to participate in Children began to have a better idea of self- concept and understand their strengths and weaknesses. Children critique themselves on their individual performance and compare it to their peers around them. They begin developing the Two major brain growth spurts happen during the middle and late childhood stage. There is a huge improvement of fine motor skills along with hand eye coordination. In late childhood when the frontal lobes develop more, planning, logic Concerns during this stage might be children experiencing bullying from peers at school or other places. Changes in eating or sleeping patterns, bad school grades, resistant to go to school and loss of friends are all signs' parents should look out

physical activity for long periods. concept of self- efficiency when it comes to certain tasks. and memory begin to take a larger place in their thinking skills. for in this stage of their children that may indicate bullying. Adolescence Early childhood may bring about challenges such as aggression and difficulties in self- regulation and emotional control due to limited emotion regulation skills during this stage (Berk, 2008). Additionally, delays in speech and language development or learning difficulties may require early intervention to support cognitive development. Erikson's theory suggests that the central conflict during adolescence is identity versus role confusion. Teenagers explore various roles, values, and beliefs to develop their personal identity. Successful resolution leads to a clear sense of self, while unresolved identity issues result in confusion and uncertainty (Santrock, 2011). Piaget referred to adolescence as the formal operational stage, where individuals develop the ability to think in abstract and hypothetical ways. They can engage in logical reasoning, consider multiple perspectives, and engage in hypothetical-deductive reasoning (Santrock, 2011). Adolescence is a time of heightened risk-taking behavior, experimentation, and peer influence. Concerns may arise regarding substance abuse, risky sexual behavior, and conflicts with parents or authority figures (Santrock, 2011). Mental health issues, such as depression or anxiety, may also emerge during this period and require appropriate support and intervention.734 Early Adulthood During this stage, physical functioning peaks and so does physical strength and coordination. Sensory acuity is also at its best allowing for prime visual and hearing capabilities. Early adults will also reach their full Early adulthood is the time when networking and making connections with other peers happens. Transitional phases of identity will also start, and they will want to feel like their identity is accepted. Early adult hood is when Young adults think very differently compared to any other life stage. There are some young adults who start working, some get a little college experience, and others start gaining a college degree. Many changes such as learning Concerns for early adulthood would be developing health risks from those new temptations of drinking or smoking too much. Concerns of needing to fit in begin to arise with health concerns such as dieting too much and not

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height and increase in body fat. Almost all functioning parts of your body are at their prime during early adulthood. many young adults will also struggle with relationships to feel like they have a sense of belonging. about nutrition begin and temptations happen such as the introduction of smoking and alcohol. mentally feeling like you fit in with your other peers around you. Middle Adulthood Physical development has reached its peak, and it slowly begins to decline in your middle adulthood. You start to develop gray hair, wrinkles, and vision and hearing problems. Physically active people in their middle adulthood stage may not experience as much physical change as someone who doesn't have an active lifestyle. During this stage it's primarily shaped by family and life events. Most have a group of friends, and their main concern is the focus of family and their influences and commitment to their family and society. In middle adulthood you're not as concerned with feeling accepted by others as in earlier stages. During Middle Adulthood many develop long-term relationships and friendships. This is also the most mature stage when it comes to intellectual thinking and multidimensional thinking. Ups and downs in life and relationships are also faced that can challenge an individual physically and mentally. Main concerns during this stage are possible development of certain cancers and chronic illnesses from lifestyle choices such as drinking, smoking and not a lot of exercise. Individuals may also face life crisis during this stage such as divorce, relationship issues, financial issues, and job losses. More responsibility in this stage comes with increased stress. Late Adulthood During this stage changes such as changes in the skin like developing wrinkles, becoming thinner and losing elastic, the hair begins to thin and turn gray, height and weight loss occur, along with In this stage older adults become more selective in their friendships than when they were younger. In this stage adults aren't forming friendships based on status or careers. They are establishing In this stage you rely more on cues and familiarity and context when recalling information. You may start to develop slowness in thinking, difficulty remembering things or where you put Concerns in late adulthood are medical and health problems such as Alzheimer's, high blood pressure, arthritis and diabetes are all concerns as you begin to age. Doctor checkups and maintain a

hearing and vision loss. Some of this can be avoided or lessened with proper nutrition and exercising and limiting sun exposure. friendships based on sense of connection, similar likes, or just the enjoyment of being together and being in one's presence. an item, you may experience a hard time with multitasking. Continuing efforts to learn and engage in cognitive activities can decrease the effects of aging in the cognitive development stage. healthy lifestyle help to reduce these concerns. End of Life A different kind of physical development occurs during this stage. People at the end of their life may sleep often for long periods of time, talk less, eat less or eat different foods than normal due to slowing of digestive system. At the end of their life, they may become very thin and have very thin skin. At the end-of-life stage you may become a lotless social with others. You may have anger or resentment of why this is happening to you, especially if you are dying from being terminally ill. You grieve the loss of the life you may still be expecting. They have trouble grasping what is happening. In the end-of-life stage you can experience many different cognitive behaviors such as confusion, delusions, or impaired mental ability. In the end-of-life stage one of the biggest concerns is pain. You don't want someone to be in pain in the last part of their life, so ensuring they are comfortable and pain free is very important. References: Erikson, E. H., & Erikson, J. M. (2000). The Erik Erikson reader. W. W. Norton & Company. Huitt, W. (2011). Infant cognitive development: Development of intelligence and memory. Educational Psychology Interactive.

Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Retrieved from http://www.edpsycinteractive.org/topics/cognition/piaget.html Berk, L. E. (2018). Development through the lifespan. Pearson. Santrock, J. W. (2019). Lifespan development. McGraw-Hill Education.

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Developmental Periods

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