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PSYCH 201 W06 Focus: Reading Reflections Questions Instructions: Read Chapter 7, "Physical & Cognitive Development in Early Childhood" on pages 214–255, to thoroughly complete this study guide, which will help you study for the exam. If you understand these answers (and can explain them to someone else), you will be more prepared to do well on the unit exam. Question: Answer: 1. What aspects of brain development underlie the tremendous gains in language, thinking, and motor control of early childhood? List and describe 6 aspects: 1. Cerebellum: a. promotes equilibrium and motor control. Thinking is also supported by connections between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex; when these are disrupted, children typically experience both physical and cognitive difficulties, including issues with planning, memory, and language 2. Reticular Formation a. a part of the brain stem responsible for consciousness and attentiveness. This structure produces myelinated connections and synapses from infancy to adulthood. 3. Hippocampus: a. The hippocampal region is essential for remembering and for creating navigational representations of space. It continues to grow quickly during the preschool and elementary school years, connecting with other regions of the cerebral cortex and the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, it supports the developmental changes in early childhood memory and spatial awareness. 4. Corpus Callosum: a. A sizable network of fibers known as the corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain. facilitates the seamless synchronization of bilateral limb motions and the integration of many cognitive functions, such as language, perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving. 5. Handedness: a. Relates more to the dominant hemisphere; 90% of the time, language is controlled by the left hemisphere. One can also forecast control over motions based on the baby's position inside the uterus. Handedness is also used in practice, particularly in sports, training, and actions that will benefit society as a whole.

Cognitive abilities grow more localized in discrete brain systems that link together to form networks of coordinated neural functioning that underpin kids' developing skills. The prefrontal-cortical areas related to different aspects of executive function—inhibition, working memory, flexibility of thought, and planning—show exceptionally fast growth from early to middle childhood in EEG, NIRS, and fMRI measures of neural activity. These are abilities that significantly progress during the preschool years. Between the ages of three and six, language skills (left hemisphere) develop at an incredible rate before leveling out. 2. What stand on the nature–nurture issue do findings on development of handedness support? Explain, using research findings. List several findings: ● Left-handedness has a weak to modest heritability: The likelihood of having left-handed children is just slightly higher for left-handed parents. It's plausible that their hand movements were brought on by early left hemisphere injury. 218 Practice is necessary for handiwork. It works best for sophisticated tasks needing a lot of practice, like writing, using cutlery, and participating in sports. 3. Using research on malnutrition or on unintentional injuries, show how physical growth and health in early childhood result from a continuous, complex interplay between heredity and environment. 1. Malnutrition: a. Disease is a primary cause of malnutrition, impeding cognitive and physical development. Illness suppresses hunger and impairs the body's absorption of nutrients, particularly in kids with intestinal illnesses. A diet lacking in nutrients is linked to attention and memory issues, lower intelligence and achievement test scores, behavioral issues, and growth stunting in children and adolescents. In developing nations, diarrhea caused by tainted food and water is a common occurrence, resulting in an estimated 1 million childhood deaths annually. 2. Unintentional injury: a. Boys are almost twice as likely as girls to be hurt, and their injuries are more severe due to their higher activity level, greater impulsivity, and greater risk- taking (Child Trends, 2014c). Children that exhibit specific temperamental and personality traits, such as hyperactivity, impatience, defiance, aggression, and inattentiveness, are also more likely to experience problems. When put in car seat restraints, they are likely to object, refuse to hold a friend's hand when crossing the street, and continue to disobey despite being warned repeatedly and disciplined. 3. Immunization: a. plays a critical role in safeguarding a child's health and physical growth. Hereditary factors can influence a child's immune response to vaccines, affecting their overall level of protection. Meanwhile, environmental

factors such as access to healthcare, public health policies, and community attitudes towards vaccination also play a significant role in determining a child's immunization status. Ensuring access to vaccination programs and promoting awareness about their importance can help mitigate the impact of both hereditary and environmental factors on a child's susceptibility to preventable diseases. 4. There are three important changes in symbolic mastery of make believe play. List and describe these changes. What is dual representation? Discuss the limitations of preoperational thought from Piaget’s point of view. List the three important changes below: 1. Play includes more complex combinations of schemes a. Children are able to demonstrate knowledge that play is a representational activity, as play involves more intricate combinations of schemes. 2. Play becomes less self-centered 3. Play separates itself from the real life situations that accompany it in real life. 4. Dual representation: considering a symbolic item to be both a symbol and an object in and of itself. 5. Limitations from Piaget’s point of view: a. According to Piaget, pretend play is just the application of representational systems. Some believe that it both reflects and enhances kids' social and cognitive development. Piaget thought that giving kids the freedom to explore and think for themselves is the greatest way to help them learn. expanding on their existing knowledge. 5. What is private speech and when is it used? What is scaffolding? 1. Private speech: a. Youngsters' independent speech. thoughts spoken, regardless of the format in which they appear or the listener's comprehension level. What is meant by scaffolding? modifying the assistance provided during a lesson to the student's present performance level. 2. Scaffolding: a. refers to the assistance and direction given by a teacher or a more experienced peer to help a student progressively improve their abilities and comprehension of a concept in an educational setting. Usually tailored to the learner's need, this support aims to encourage self-directed learning and problem- solving skills.

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6. Discuss how adults can support language development in early childhood. List a few key points: ● Adults should pay close attention to what kids say, ● elaborate, ● set an example of proper language use ● encourage kids to communicate more. 7. Understanding the foundations of self-concept, how would we expect a preschooler to describe him/herself? Describe the development of self- esteem in preschool years. 1. Description: a. A three- to five-year-old will use phrases like "I'm Tommy" to introduce themselves to you. I am four years old. I'm capable of doing my own hair washing. Using a new Lego set, I constructed this enormous tower. The majority of preschoolers' self-concepts are made up of observable traits like their name, name, looks, belongings, and daily activities. 2. Self-esteem: a. Children will typically have strong self-esteem at this age. Kids will be able to characterize themselves using common feelings and behaviors. By the age of three, kids whose parents gently supported them as they learned new abilities are typically more eager and driven, whereas kids whose parents were critical of them show signs of despair and humiliation when they don't succeed. 8. What emotional self-regulation strategies would a preschooler employ? Which strategy should decline? 1. Strategies: a. Three-year-olds often express their emotions honestly, talk to themselves, or even alter their objectives. 2. What declines: a. Conversations between adults and children is a tactic that should be abandoned. some can be beneficial to some extent, but some kids' imaginations are so vivid that it is difficult for them to distinguish between appearance and truth. 9. Describe Mildred Parten’s three- step sequence of social development, including follow-up research on peer sociability. 1. Social development: a. Parallel play: Playing in parallel means a youngster plays next to other kids with comparable toys without attempting to control their actions. There are two types of real social interaction that are at the top. b. Cooperative play: children engage in a more complex kind of engagement when they focus on a shared objective, like acting out a pretend topic. c. Children who play associatively exchange toys and make comments about each other's actions while participating in distinct activities.

2. Peer sociability: a. Since every child is unique, each stage will occur at a distinct period in their development. Generally speaking, a child will go through non-social activity, parallel play, and cooperative play in that order. 10. Compare and contrast induction and positive discipline. What are the benefits of each? 1. Induction: a. By pointing out how the child's misbehavior affects other people, an adult assists the child in recognizing feelings. This can encourage the young person to uphold moral principles, which they can then use in other contexts. However, this can also be harmful because the youngster may experience anxiety and fear and find it difficult to think rationally and analyze the issue. 2. Positive discipline: a. This is the best kind of punishment since it prepares the child in advance and lets them know what is expected of them, as well as because it promotes excellent behavior in the child. Subsequently, they demonstrate a stronger development of conscience and a closer bond with their parents. 3. Compare and contrast: a. It involves an adult pointing out how the kid's actions affect other people in order to help the youngster become aware of their emotions.) Induction promotes empathy, sympathetic care, and a commitment to moral norms.

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