PSY108_Project_One_Milestone

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1 Project One Milestone: Graphic Organizer Jehaida Stokes Southern New Hampshire University PSY 108: Introduction to Psychology Frankie January 15, 2023

2 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2 COLUMN 3 COLUMN 4 COLUMN 5 1. Overview of perspective 2. How does the perspective relate to nature? 3. How does the perspective relate to nurture? 4. How does this perspective study or explain stress? 5. Think about the ways stress impacts your own life. In your opinion, is nature or nurture more significant for this perspective, and why? Neuroscience: How the structures and chemistry of the brain and body influence mental process and behavior Brain and body development is influenced by biological factors, such as genetic expression (Honeycutt, 2019). Brain and body development is influenced by responses to changes in our environment (Honeycutt, 2019). The neuroscience perspective studies the chemical causes and effects of stress, from the release of the hormone cortisol to the effects of chronic stress on the body. I think nature is more significant for the neuroscience perspective. I feel nature is more important because I feel strongly that the brain and body development is based on how one is raised. Learned behaviors are what makes us, What we are taught, what we are taught to believe, culture and the environment we are raised in. Evolutionary: How natural selection of traits promotes the survival and reproduction of genes We are born with instincts that promote our survival and the propagation of our species (Honeycutt, 2019). Our ability to survive depends on our ability to adapt to the changing demands of life (Honeycutt, 2019). The evolutionary perspective explains that our biological response to stress was passed down from our ancestors because it helped them survive threatening situations. I think nurture is more significant for the evolutionary perspective. I feel nurture is more important because I feel we are born with natural Instincts to survive through genetics. All living things learn to adapt in there changing environments. We then pass those Characteristics down to our next generation.

3 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer Behavior Genetics: How genes and environment interact and work together to influence our traits and behaviors Genetic predisposition and innate knowledge help to shape our attitudes and choices (Honeycutt, 2019). Our lived experience influences the coding and expression of our genes (Levitt, 2013). The behavior genetics perspective investigates whether genes predispose some people to stress, how stress affects gene expression, and how stress can alter our genes through epigenetic changes. I think nurture is more significant for the behavior genetics perspective. I feel nurture is more important because it is said behavioral genetic research today focuses on identifying specific genes that affect behavioral dimensions, like personality, intelligence, and disorders. I feel that those are things that are past down through DNA and genes. (https://www.britannica.com › science) Psychodynamic: How unconscious drives and desires influence behavior We are naturally, and unconsciously, driven to seek pleasure and avoid death (Freud, 1920). Childhood experiences influence how we manage the conflict between our desires and society’s rules (Harper, 2023). The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes how our inner conflicts and early childhood experiences influence our ability to deal with stress. I think nurture is more significant for the psychodynamic perspective. I feel nurture is more important because it teaches to deal with things we deal with, emotions and how to tell the difference between our wants and needs. We learn how to live and adopt to society rules as they change so frequently. I feel what we go through teaches us and gives us the ability to deal with situations better the next time we experience the same situation. Behavioral: How observable behaviors and reactions are The choices that we make are instinctual, not learned (Garvey, 2005). The choices that we make are a product of what we learn through our exposure to role The behavioral perspective suggests that our reactions to stressful situations are learned I think nurture is more significant for the behavioral perspective. I feel nurture is so much more important because learned behaviors plays a big part on how we react

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4 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer shaped by external stimuli models (Garvey, 2005). behaviors or responses— and that we can change them. to situations. Parents are our the very first role models we encounter in our life. So if our parents deal with stressful situations aggressively, then that's how we will learn to deal with situations that are stressful and uncomfortable. Cognitive: How the encoding, organization, and retrieval of memories influence thought, emotions, and behavior We are born with innate knowledge that influences our attitudes, beliefs, and values (Honeycutt, 2019). The knowledge that we acquire through everyday life experience influences our attitudes, beliefs, and values (Lewkowicz, 2011). The cognitive perspective suggests that how we think about certain situations can affect our experiences of stress and how stress can affect our memory, attention, and problem-solving skills. I think nurture is more significant for the cognitive perspective. I feel nurture is more important because I feel we all do learn through how we live. Our society does influence our attitudes, beliefs and values. The way we think and react to certain things are how we are taught by our role models and society. Social-Cultural: How behaviors and thoughts are shaped by people, contexts, and cultures Our social behavior is hardwired, the result of genetic predisposition (Kitayama & Salvador, 2017). Our social behavior is influenced by the attitudes, beliefs, and values that we acquire within our culture (Kitayama & Salvador, 2017). The social-cultural perspective explores how interactions with others and social situations may contribute to or affect stress. I think nurture is more significant for the social-cultural perspective. I feel nurture is more important because I feel again that social cultural is based on learned behaviors. We learn from are surrounding and those around us. What's what influences our behaviors, our ability to deal with stressful situations.

5 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer

6 PSY 108 Project One Milestone Graphic Organizer References Freud, S., & Jones, E. (Eds.). (1922). International psychoanalytical library: Vol. 4. Beyond the pleasure principle. (C. J. M. Hubback, Trans.). The International Psycho-Analytical Press . https://doi.org/10.1037/11189-000 (Original work published 1920) Garvey, B. (2005). Nature, nurture and why the pendulum still swings. Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 35 (2), 309–330. https://doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2005.10716592 Harper, J. (2023). Psychology in the real world . Soomo Learning. https://www.webtexts.com Honeycutt, H. (2019). Nature and nurture as an enduring tension in the history of psychology. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology . https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.518 Kitayama, S., & Salvador, C. E. (2017). Culture embrained: Going beyond the nature-nurture dichotomy. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12 (5), 841–854. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617707317 Levitt, M. (2013). Perceptions of nature, nurture and behaviour. Life Sciences, Society and Policy, 9 (13). https://doi.org/10.1186/2195-7819-9-13 Lewkowicz, D. J. (2011). The biological implausibility of the nature-nurture dichotomy and what it means for the study of infancy. Infancy: The Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies, 16 (4), 331–367. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2011.00079.x

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