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1 Perception and Attention Moses, A Amegandji Purdue University Global PS200 - Unit 4 Assignment 11/08/23 Perception and Attention

2 In our day-to-day lives, we constantly use our senses to discern and interpret just about anything that can be thought about. This action that we partake in every day can be summed up to the term perception. Perception is the way we use our senses to become aware and gain information about the environment around us (Cherry, 2019). When analyzing perception there are many paths you can take. In this paper, I will be discussing visual perception and how we use the top-down process and the bottom-up process to formulate our thoughts and actions. In addition to that I will also discuss the concept of attention highlighting both selective and divided attention tying all of these terms back to cognitive psychology. I previously defined the idea of perception, but now I’m here to define visual perception. Visual perception is how the brain interprets what is being seen. A component in which we can look at visual perception would be the top-down process. The top-down process is the way an individual perceives things based on prior knowledge, experience, and memories (Cherry, 2023). One example where the top-down process in visual perception can be seen is from this peer-reviewed article titled Bottom-up and Top-down Object Inference Networks for Image Captioning. This article discusses the idea of image captioning which is fairly self- explanatory: you see an image and you give it a caption. The example states if you show an individual a picture of a man, frisbee, and dog our brain will tie these objects in a linguistic order prompting us with the caption the man is throwing the frisbee to the dog because our top-down processing is at work (Wang et al., 2019). That right there goes to show how easily our top-down processing plays a role in our visual perception. On the flip side, the bottom-up which is how the brain uses our receptors to send messages to the brain to be processed also correlates with visual perception. In this peer-reviewed article titled Classic Psychedelics: The Special Role of the

3 Visual System, we can see how that is true. The text discusses this idea that when psychedelics are in use your neural function is altered and you ultimately lose the ability to use top-down processing to control your judgment. This loss of top-down processing then requires an individual to engage in bottom-up processing in which information is transported through the receptors into the brain to formulate a response (Császár et al., 2011). The idea of bottom-up processing correlates heavily with visual perception in this example because our receptors are being forced to react to the physical stimulus, which in this case is psychedelics. While in this state our brain has to create an understanding of what we are seeing and make sense of it all which is otherwise known as visual perception. Now for my next topic which is attention. Attention is defined as focusing on our cognitive activity and taking in information (Farmer & Matlin, 2018). Two types of attention we deal with day to day are selective and divided attention. The textbook defines selective attention as when an individual focuses on a set of information or objects while filtering out unwanted distractions and excess information (Farmer & Matlin, 2018). On the other hand, divided attention is defined as being able to focus your attention on multiple things at once (Farmer & Matlin, 2018). To put things into perspective, if I sat here writing my paper with the TV off away from all distractions, I would be engaging in selective attention. Now if I turned the TV on and began watching a game while writing my paper I would be engaging in divided attention. As you can see these are two very distinct methods that work in their respective manner. Lastly, to conclude by understanding perception, visual perception, and the different approaches you can be more open-minded and versatile with your thoughts and actions. By understanding the concept of attention you can reflect on the type of attention you practice and

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4 see how it will apply to your day to-day life. All in all, by understanding all of these concepts you can understand the study of psychology and make a difference in the field. References Cherry, K. (2019). How the perceptual process works with our environment. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/perception-and-the-perceptual-process-2795839 Cherry, K. (2023, August 23). Top-Down Processing: How It Influences Perception. Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-top-down-processing-2795975#:~:text=Top %2Ddown%20processing%20involves%20perceiving Császár, N. N., Kapócs, G., & Bókkon, I. (2011). Classic psychedelics: the special role of the visual system. Login.libauth.purdueglobal.edu. https://eds-s-ebscohost- com.libauth.purdueglobal.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=8&sid=d57c5bbc-329a-481b-b1ae- c13334288e0d%40redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=30939118&db=mdl Wang, W., Shen, J., Cheng, M.-M., & Shao, L. (2019). An Iterative and Cooperative Top-Down and Bottom-Up Inference Network for Salient Object Detection. Bottom-up and Top-down Object Inference Networks for Image Captioning, 19(5). https://doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2019.00612

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