Ex. Aging 4

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Carli Kerns 02/08/2024 PS 322 EL Experiencing Aging Activity #4 Changes with Age: The Brain 1.) Describe the function of each of the following areas: a.) Hippocampus- The hippocampus is located within the temporal lobe; it is a small organ that’s main function is creating and holding memories along with assisting other areas of the brain in learning and emotions. Using stored memories, the hippocampus is able to create new memories either explicit or implicit. b.) Amygdala- The amygdala is also located deep in the temporal lobe; its main function is to process and control emotions mostly associated with fight-or-flight responses and helps other organs in the brain with memory processing that relate to intense emotions. c.) Prefrontal Cortex- The prefrontal cortex, located in the frontal lobe of the brain, there are many functions that stem from this area of the brain like regulating emotions, behaviors, executive functions, and attention. Tasks like forming decisions or contribution to the working memory via other brain organs are the primary functions. d.) Occipital Lobe- The occipital lobe is located towards the back end of the brain above the brain stem, this is known as the visual processing area, so this region has control over sensations, perceptions, and visuals. Along with visual processing, this area has some assistance with memory and completing tasks.

e.) Cerebellum- The cerebellum, located in the back of the brain atop the brain stem, has many functions that are related to motor skills. This area of the brain assists in keeping balance, posture, walking or running, equilibrium, and coordination of the body limbs overall; assisting other regions of the brain with memory processing is another function, although not major, of the cerebellum. 2.) Explain how each area and its functioning changes with age: a.) Hippocampus- Since the most important function of the hippocampus is forming and holding memories long-term, the main change with age is a decline in being able to recall past explicit memories. This can be a result of relying on spatial memories via hippocampus, or use of other areas of the brain in general to retrieve information in order to fulfill tasks (Bettio et al., 2017). As the brain ages, the density of the hippocampus decreases resulting in a lower number of hippocampal neurons and shrinkage of the brain tissue, which also varies due to genetics or other facts like neurological diseases and disorders. b.) Amygdala- As the brain ages, the amygdala does not foresee many changes like the loss of density like other areas of the brain, but the organ does become less responsive and reactive towards emotions and becomes in a way more reasonable. In conclusion, there is an increase of reaction towards positive stimuli and vice versa for negative stimuli (Nashiro et al., 2012). c.) Prefrontal Cortex- With age the brain’s ability to perform cognitive functions smoothly decreases overall, and in the prefrontal cortex there is a growth of subcortical white matter lesions with a decrease of cortical volume. This can be seen

as a decrease of reaction when something is brought to their attention, or an inability to grasp onto presented information (Peters, 2006). d.) Occipital Lobe- The density of the occipital lobe’s neurons might decrease with age but not as rapidly as other areas of the brain. The most common change that affect people with age is the brain’s ability to perceive and register visual stimuli (Zuckerman, 2018; Peters, 2006). e.) Cerebellum- With increased age, the neurons in the cerebellum decrease in density indicating neural atrophy and deceased white matter amongst the surface. This can lead to difficulties performing motor functions like navigating through your neighborhood or being able to cross your legs (Bernard et al., 2014).

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References Bernard, J. A., Seidler, R. D., (2014) Moving forward: Age effects on the cerebellum underlie cognitive and motor declines. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 42 (0149-7634), p.193-207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.02.011 . Bettio, Luis E.B., Rajendran, L., Gil-Mohapel, J., (2017) The Effects of Aging in the Hippocampus and Cognitive Decline. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 79 (0149-7634), p.66-86, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.030 . Nashiro, K., Sakaki, M., Mather, M., (2012) Age Differences in Brain Activity During Emotion Processing: Reflections of Age-Related Decline or Increased Emotion Regulation? Gerontology. 58 (2), p.156-63. doi: 10.1159/000328465. Peters, R., (2006) Ageing and the Brain. Postgrad Med Journal, 82 (964), p84-88. doi: 10.1136/pgmj.2005.036665 Zuckerman, H., (2018, October 4) What is Normal in Cognitive Aging? Brain Facts. What is Normal Cognitive Aging? (brainfacts.org)

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